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Soul

philosophy religion Maturity 13-18 Vital Level 3 religion Next article →

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What is a soul? In religion and philosophy, the soul is seen as the essence of a living being.

Schiavonetti Soul leaving body 1808
Schiavonetti Soul leaving body 1808

It is usually thought to be immaterial, meaning it is not made of physical matter. Many people believe the soul is immortal and can exist apart from the material world. Anthropologists and psychologists have found that most humans believe in a soul or spirit. These people often make a clear distinction between the physical body and the spirit. This idea is a central part of how many cultures understand life.

SoulCarriedtoHeaven
SoulCarriedtoHeaven

Different religions have many unique ways to describe the soul. Christianity teaches that the soul is eternal and moves to God's presence in heaven after death. In Hinduism, some traditions say the soul is the same as Brahman.

Atman
Atman

Islam uses two different terms, rūḥ and nafs, to talk about the divine spirit and personal disposition. Jainism views the soul as something eternal that can change until it reaches liberation. Judaism also uses several different words to refer to the soul. Sikhism regards the soul as a part of God.

Miraj by Sultan Muhammad
Miraj by Sultan Muhammad

Buddhism offers a very different perspective on this topic.

The wheel of life, Buddhism Bhavachakra
The wheel of life, Buddhism Bhavachakra

Early Buddhists were suspicious of the idea of an eternal soul. They taught the concept of "not-self," which means there is no permanent, unchanging essence. They saw two main wrong views: eternalism, which says the soul lasts forever, and annihilationism, which says the soul dies with the body. The Buddha rejected both of these ideas. He taught that everything is in a continuous cycle of arising and dissolving. Because everything is impermanent, Buddhists believe there is no unchanging soul.

Great thinkers have studied the soul for a very long time.

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

Socrates believed the soul had a rational part that was very special. Plato argued that the soul is a person's real self and continues to think after death.

Uc2.ark 13960 t8rb76g72-seq 443 (cropped Plato)
Uc2.ark 13960 t8rb76g72-seq 443 (cropped Plato)

Aristotle described the soul as the way a naturally organized body works. Later, the philosopher Ibn Sina distinguished between the soul and the spirit. Thomas Aquinas also studied this, saying the soul could exist without a body.

Avicenna-miniatur
Avicenna-miniatur

During the Enlightenment, Immanuel Kant said we cannot recognize the soul through physical things.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) engraving
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) engraving

The word "soul" has a long history in the English language. It comes from the Old English word "sāwol."

Manunggul Jar
Manunggul Jar

The earliest records of this word go back to the 8th century. In the Vespasian Psalter, it meant things like "self" or "life." King Alfred also used the word to describe the thinking part of a person. This word is related to many other ancient Germanic words. These include words from Old Frisian, Gothic, and Old Norse. Today, it is still very similar to words used in Dutch and German.

448 words

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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Schiavonetti Soul leaving body 1808.jpg
Schiavonetti Soul leaving body 1808.jpg
File:The wheel of life, Buddhism Bhavachakra.jpg
The wheel of life, Buddhism Bhavachakra.jpg
File:SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg
SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg
File:Miraj by Sultan Muhammad.jpg
Miraj by Sultan Muhammad.jpg
File:4DModel.jpg
4DModel.jpg
File:Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani - A Soul Symbolized as an Angel - Walters W65944A - Full Page.jpg
Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i...
File:Atman.jpg
Atman.jpg
File:Manunggul Jar.jpg
Manunggul Jar.jpg
File:Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.jpg
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.jpg
File:Uc2.ark 13960 t8rb76g72-seq 443 (cropped Plato).jpg
Uc2.ark 13960 t8rb76g72-seq 443 (cropped...
File:Aristotelian Soul.png
Aristotelian Soul.png
File:Avicenna-miniatur.jpg
Avicenna-miniatur.jpg

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