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Pity

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Pity is a sympathetic sorrow caused by the suffering of others. It is a complex emotion often compared to compassion, empathy, or condolence. The term originates from the Latin language. While it is often viewed as a positive emotion, it can also take different forms. One form is called benevolent pity, which is kind and well-meaning. Another form is known as contemptuous pity. In this version, the feeling carries a sense of superiority or condescension. This means the person feeling pity might look down on the person who is suffering.

Den Leichnam des Darius
Den Leichnam des Darius

Psychologists and psychoanalysts offer different views on how this emotion develops. Psychologists suggest that pity arises during early childhood. They believe it stems from an infant's growing ability to identify with other people. Psychoanalysis offers a more complicated explanation for adult pity. This theory suggests pity may result from the sublimation of aggression. In this view, pity acts as a symbolic gesture. It is a way for a person to show how they wish to be treated by their own conscience.

Religious traditions across the world include concepts of pity in their teachings. In the Jewish tradition, the concept of God pitying humanity is central. The Hebrew word used in the Septuagint carries meanings of mercy and loving-kindness. In Mahayana Buddhism, pity is a driving force for certain beings. The Lotus Sutra describes Bodhisattvas as those who act out of pity for the world. These beings seek to win final Nirvana for all living beings. Their goal is to ensure the weal and happiness of many.

Philosophers have analyzed the mechanics of pity for centuries. Aristotle argued in his work, the Rhetoric, that certain conditions must be met. First, a person must have experienced a similar type of suffering. Second, the observer must be somewhat distanced from the person suffering. He defined pity as pain felt during the apparent harm of someone who does not deserve it. Aristotle noted that people often pity acquaintances rather than close kin. This is because we feel for those we are not as closely tied to as ourselves. He also linked pity to the study of tragedy in poetry.

Songs of Innocence and of Experience, copy L, 1795 (Yale Center for British Art) The Human Abstract
Songs of Innocence and of Experience, copy L, 1795 (Yale Center for British Art) The Human Abstract

Other thinkers, like David Hume, focused on the role of the mind. In his Treatise of Human Nature, Hume argued that pity comes from the imagination. When we see misfortune, we imagine the sorrow of the person involved. Hume suggested that pity can exist even without friendship. He observed that we often feel compassion for those who do not realize their own miserable condition. This shows how the mind bridges the gap between the observer and the sufferer through mental imagery.

Historical language shows how the meaning of pity has shifted over time. In Middle English, the word was related to piety, which means religious devotion. Early writers like Geoffrey Chaucer used words that combined these two ideas. For example, Chaucer used the term "pite" in his works, including the Canterbury Tales. During this period, English did not yet have separate words like "sympathy" or "empathy." It was not until the 16th century that pity and piety became fully distinct concepts. In Italian, the related word "pietà" is still used as a technical term in the arts.

Literature provides many examples of how pity influences human stories. The poet William Blake held ambivalent views about the emotion. In his work, "The Human Abstract," he suggested that pity is linked to poverty. He wrote that pity would not exist if people were not poor. J.R.R. Tolkien used pity as a major theme in The Lord of the Rings. He showed how the pity felt by the hobbit Bilbo for the creature Gollum could change the fate of many. Even the war poet Wilfred Owen focused on the "pity of war" to convey his themes.

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