Contrition

Contrition is a theological concept describing repentance for sins. In Christianity, it is viewed as a vital first step toward reconciliation with God. The term itself implies the breaking of something that has become hardened. This refers to a person casting away a previous liking for sin. To be contrite is to experience a sincere sorrow of the soul. This process involves a desire for God over sin. It also requires faith in the redemption offered by Christ on the cross.

The mechanism of contrition involves several specific internal movements. It is not merely a speculative thought or a simple resolve to amend. Instead, it is described as a real pain and bitterness of soul. This includes a deep hatred or horror for the sin committed. This hatred for sin then leads to a firm purpose of not sinning in the future. Medieval theologians believed this detestation was the primary driver. They argued that knowing the heinousness of a sin begets sorrow and pain. This sorrow acts as an effect of the dissent of the rational will.

Catholicism distinguishes between two specific types of contrition. These types are defined by the motive behind the sorrow rather than the intensity of emotion. The first type is perfect contrition, also called contrition of charity. This arises from the love of God and the belief that He has been offended. The second type is imperfect contrition, which is also known as attrition. Attrition arises from other motives, such as the fear of Hell or the weight of guilt. These two states can actually be experienced by a person at the same time.

Perfect contrition holds significant theological weight in Catholic doctrine. It is believed to remove the guilt and eternal punishment of mortal sin. This can occur even before a person receives the sacrament of penance. This holds true if the person intends to seek sacramental confession as soon as possible. In cases of imminent death, perfect contrition is held to be sufficient. Imperfect contrition, or attrition, does not produce justification on its own. However, it is seen as a gift from God that disposes the soul to receive grace.

History provides many foundational texts and figures for this doctrine. The Council of Trent defined contrition as a sorrow of soul and a hatred of sin. It also stated that contrition has always been necessary for obtaining forgiveness. Early Christian writers like Augustine also discussed the necessity of a contrite heart. Thomas Aquinas provided deep commentary on how this act obtains forgiveness. The Bible contains many references to this concept, such as in the Psalms and the parable of the prodigal son. These texts serve as the basis for the belief that repentance is a command from God.

For contrition to be valid, it must possess four specific qualities. First, it must be interior, meaning it is a sincere sorrow of the heart. Second, it must be supernatural. This means it is prompted by God's grace rather than natural motives like losing honor. Third, it must be universal. A person must repent of all mortal sins, not just a few convenient ones. Finally, it must be sovereign. This relates to the idea that grace and sin cannot coexist.

There has been significant debate regarding these definitions. During the Reformation, some thinkers criticized the concept of imperfect contrition. In 1537, Martin Luther argued that attrition was mere hypocrisy. He believed that true repentance could not be done in small, uncertain pieces. He felt that if a person would rather continue sinning, their sorrow was not real. However, the Council of Trent defended attrition. It held that such sorrow is a true and profitable preparation for grace. This remains a central point of distinction between different Christian traditions.