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Minbar

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A minbar is a specialized pulpit located within a mosque.

Jami Masjid, Mandu - minbar 01
Jami Masjid, Mandu - minbar 01

It serves as the platform where an imam, the prayer leader, stands to deliver a sermon known as a khutbah. Beyond its practical use, the minbar functions as a powerful symbol of religious and political authority. In some contexts, such as a Husayniyya, a speaker might use a similar structure to lecture a congregation. While it may resemble a Christian pulpit, its role is more akin to a lectern. The imam uses it for various readings and prayers throughout the service.

Delhi Freitagsmoschee - Minbar
Delhi Freitagsmoschee - Minbar

The physical structure of a minbar is quite distinct. It is typically situated to the right of the mihrab. The mihrab is a niche in the mosque wall that indicates the direction of Mecca. Most minbars are shaped like small towers. They feature a staircase that leads up to a seat or a kiosk-like structure at the top. Often, the base of these stairs includes a doorway or a portal. Unlike many Western pulpits, the steps usually follow a straight axis leading directly to the seat. In certain mosques, a muezzin stands on an opposite elevated platform. This assistant recites prayer responses to support the imam.

Historically, the minbar has deep roots in the early Islamic period. The first recorded minbar belonged to the prophet Muhammad in Medina. This structure was created around 629 CE. It was a simple design consisting of only two steps and a seat. Following Muhammad's death, the caliphs continued to use this seat to represent their authority. The Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I eventually increased the number of steps from three to six. This change made the minbar more prominent. By the late Umayyad period, before 750 CE, Friday mosques in Egypt were ordered to have minbars. This practice soon spread to other Muslim territories. By the early Abbasid period, the minbar was a standard feature in Friday mosques everywhere.

Because the Friday sermon often mentioned the name of the current ruler, the minbar became a tool for political legitimacy.

İstanbul 5437
İstanbul 5437

It was one of the few major formal furnishings in a mosque. Consequently, many rulers spent large amounts of money to commission highly decorated versions. The oldest surviving minbar in the world is located in the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia.

GRAHAM(1887) p183 MIMBAR IN DJAMÄA EL-KEBIR (cropped)
GRAHAM(1887) p183 MIMBAR IN DJAMÄA EL-KEBIR (cropped)

It dates to approximately 860 or 862 CE. This piece was commissioned under the governor Abu Ibrahim Ahmad. It is an eleven-step staircase constructed from over 300 sculpted pieces of teak wood. This wood was originally imported from India.

Wood was the primary material for minbars in the Middle East and North Africa until the Ottoman period. Craftsmen decorated these wooden structures with geometric patterns and arabesques. Arabesques are decorative motifs featuring vegetal or floral designs. Many minbars also included Arabic calligraphy, often recording the date of creation or quoting the Qur'an. Some even featured delicate inlays of ivory or mother-of-pearl. Many workshops used an interlocking technique to join hundreds of pieces. They used wooden pegs instead of glue or metal nails.

16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5740 (retouched)
16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5740 (retouched)

Different regions developed unique styles of minbar craftsmanship. In the Levant and Egypt, the Minbar of Saladin is a famous example.

El Aksa (i.e., al-Aqsa) Mosque. Cedar pulpit & mihrab LOC matpc.03246 (cropped and retouched)
El Aksa (i.e., al-Aqsa) Mosque. Cedar pulpit & mihrab LOC matpc.03246 (cropped and retouched)

It was commissioned by Nur ad-Din between 1168 and 1169. In Mamluk Egypt, makers used bone, ebony, and mother-of-pearl to create complex star patterns. The Almoravid minbar in Marrakhsesh is another masterpiece.

Barsbay complex minbar3
Barsbay complex minbar3

It was completed around 1145 and uses a sophisticated mix of marquetry and carving. In contrast, Iranian minbars often lack a canopy or dome at the top. Many early Iranian wooden minbars were lost during the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. However, the Ilkhanid period produced notable examples, such as the one in the Great Mosque of Na'in from 1311.

Jāmeh Mosque of Nā'īn-Mehrab-01
Jāmeh Mosque of Nā'īn-Mehrab-01

As time passed, the materials used for these structures evolved. While wood was dominant for centuries, stone and marble minbars became more common. These stone versions are particularly characteristic of the later Ottoman period.

Aqsunqur Mosque DSCF9712
Aqsunqur Mosque DSCF9712

Today, the minbar remains an essential architectural and symbolic element. It connects the physical space of the mosque to centuries of artistic and political history. From the simple two-step seat in Medina to the intricate teak carvings in Tunisia, the minbar reflects the changing world of the communities it serves.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:İstanbul 5437.jpg
İstanbul 5437.jpg
File:GRAHAM(1887) p183 MIMBAR IN DJAMÄA EL-KEBIR (cropped).jpg
GRAHAM(1887) p183 MIMBAR IN DJAMÄA...
File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5740 (retouched).jpg
16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5740...
File:El Aksa (i.e., al-Aqsa) Mosque. Cedar pulpit & mihrab LOC matpc.03246 (cropped and retouched).jpg
El Aksa (i.e., al-Aqsa) Mosque. Cedar...
File:Barsbay_complex_minbar3.jpg
Barsbay_complex_minbar3.jpg
File:Jāmeh Mosque of Nā'īn-Mehrab-01.jpg
Jāmeh Mosque of Nā'īn-Mehrab-01.jpg
File:Aqsunqur Mosque DSCF9712.jpg
Aqsunqur Mosque DSCF9712.jpg
File:Jami Masjid, Mandu - minbar 01.jpg
Jami Masjid, Mandu - minbar 01.jpg
File:Delhi Freitagsmoschee - Minbar.jpg
Delhi Freitagsmoschee - Minbar.jpg
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