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Adhan

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The adhan is the Islamic call to prayer. It serves as a public announcement to summon Muslims to their five obligatory daily prayers. This call is usually recited by a person known as a muezzin. Traditionally, the muezzin stands on a minaret, which is a tall tower attached to a mosque. The five specific prayer times are known in Arabic as Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, and Isha.

Many Muslims choose to stop their daily activities when they hear the call. This shows their reverence and commitment to their faith.

There are actually two distinct calls used during the prayer process. The first is the adhan, which summons Muslims to enter the mosque. The second is called the iqama. The iqama is a shorter call that summons those already inside the mosque to assemble for the prayer.

In modern times, the mechanism for delivering the call has changed. While it was once purely vocal, most mosques now use microphones. These are often mounted on the high parts of the minarets. This allows the sound to broadcast to the surrounding community. In some cases, the message is even recorded. This helps mosque operators if a muezzin is absent. It also allows them to adjust the volume or edit the message. In places like the London Central Mosque, the recording may sound identical every time.

Different Islamic traditions hold different views on the history of the adhan. Sunni Muslims believe the words were revealed to a companion of Muhammad named Abdullah ibn Zayd. He reportedly had a vision in a dream where the adhan was revealed by God. Muhammad then confirmed this news. Because of his beautiful voice, Muhammad chose Bilal ibn Rabah, a freed slave of Abyssinian heritage, to be the first muezzin.

Shia Muslims believe that Muhammad received the instructions directly from God. They teach that no one else had the authority to contribute to the composition. Shia sources also state that Bilal was the first person to recite the call out loud to a congregation.

The specific words recited during the adhan carry deep theological meaning. The phrase "Allāhu akbar" means "God is greater." Another central phrase is "lā ilāha illa llāh," which means "there is no god but Allah." This is the confession of Tawhid, or the doctrine of the Oneness of God. The phrase "Muḥammadun rasūlu llāh" means "Muhammad is the messenger of God," which represents the acceptance of prophethood, or Nabuwat.

Kalema-tut-shahadat
Kalema-tut-shahadat

In Shia Islam, some also include the phrase "ʿalīyun walīyu llāh," meaning "Ali is His Authority." This refers to the belief in the Imamate, or the divine authority of Ali ibn Abi Talib. These phrases remind followers of the links between God, the Prophet, and the Imam.

The structure and melody of the adhan can vary by region and school of thought. In Turkey, the five calls are recited in different makams. A makam is a system of melodic modes. These modes correspond to the different times of the day. The adhan is characterized by twelve melodic passages. These passages move between different tonal centers. The muezzin often uses a wide tonal range, sometimes exceeding an octave. During the recitation, the muezzin may put his hands to his ears. The first statement of a phrase is usually shorter and less ornamented. Subsequent repetitions are often longer and more melodic.

There are also variations in how the adhan is performed on specific days. On Fridays, the Dhuhr prayer is known as the Jummah prayer. This is considered the most important prayer in Islam. In some Sunni traditions, the adhan is called twice on Fridays. This practice traces back to the time of the caliph Uthman. One call was made in the marketplace to inform the public. The second call was held inside the mosque.

Kalema at Bab al Nasr, Fatimid Cairo
Kalema at Bab al Nasr, Fatimid Cairo

In rare situations, such as during a pandemic or heavy weather, the muezzin may change the words. He might say "ṣallū fī buyūtikum," which means "pray in your homes."

Listening to the adhan is an active practice for many Muslims. It is recommended to repeat the words of the muezzin silently. However, there are exceptions. When the muezzin says "come to prayer" or "come to success," listeners may say different phrases. For example, some Sunni Muslims say "there is no ability and no power except by God." After the adhan ends, it is common to recite supplications, or dua. This is a time when many believe supplications are especially answered. The adhan serves as a rhythmic connection between daily life and religious devotion.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
Eid al-Fitr Fajr azan at Malmö Mosque -...
File:Paris, BnF, Supplément Persan 1030 fol. 185v-187r Muhammad receiving instructions for call to prayer from Jibril and Bilal calling to prayer from Kaaba.jpg
Paris, BnF, Supplément Persan 1030 fol....
File:Kalema at Bab al Nasr, Fatimid Cairo.jpg
Kalema at Bab al Nasr, Fatimid Cairo.jpg
File:Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg
Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg
Adhan in Shalqar mosque.webm
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