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Identity document

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An identity document, often called an ID, is a formal way to prove a person's identity.

Indonesian identity card
Indonesian identity card

If the document is a plastic card, it is referred to as an identity card, or IC. When the document includes a photographic portrait, it is known as a photo ID.

Thai National ID card 2017 version
Thai National ID card 2017 version

These documents act as a link between a person and their specific data. This data is often stored in a digital database. The connection relies on personal information found on the document. This information includes a full name, birth date, and home address. It may also include gender, citizenship, or a unique identification number. Using a unique national identification number is considered the most secure method for verification.

Macau ID card 2013
Macau ID card 2013

Identity documents function by matching a physical bearer to digital records. The process involves checking details like a card number or a national ID number. In many nations, certain documents are compulsory to carry. If a specific ID is missing, other papers might serve as substitutes. For instance, many countries accept a driver's license for identity verification. However, some nations reject driver's licenses for this purpose. They may do this because those licenses do not expire or are easy to forge. Most countries worldwide will accept a passport for identification.

New Austrian ID Card (2021)
New Austrian ID Card (2021)

History shows that the need for identity documents has changed over time. One of the earliest recorded versions of a passport was the Safe Conducts Act of 1414. This was introduced by King Henry V of England. For the next 500 years, most people did not require an identity document. Photographic identification first appeared in 1876. However, it did not become widely used until the early 20th century. During this time, photographs became standard in passports and other documents. In 1915, both Great Britain and Australia began requiring photographic passports. This change followed a specific event known as the Lody spy scandal.

1941 Italian Blackshirt identity card issued to a Ferroviaria Legion 10 member
1941 Italian Blackshirt identity card issued to a Ferroviaria Legion 10 member

Modern identity documents have become highly technical through standardization. In 1985, the ISO/IEC 7810 standard set the shape and size of identity cards. Some modern versions are called smart cards. These cards contain an embedded integrated circuit, which was standardized in 1988 by ISO/IEC 7816. These circuits make the cards much harder to forge.

ZA Smart ID Front
ZA Smart ID Front

New technologies now allow cards to store biometric information. Biometrics are unique physical measurements. This includes fingerprints, iris measurements, or facial data. Many countries now issue electronic identity cards to manage these complex systems.

There is significant global debate regarding the use of national identity cards. Law enforcement officials often support them. They claim these cards make surveillance and the search for criminals easier. However, many people worry about privacy and civil liberties. Critics fear that centralized databases could be abused to track private lives. In the United Kingdom, a 2006 survey showed that a planned compulsory ID card was very unpopular. Many people feared the linked databases would be a security disaster. Some also worry that displaying race on an ID could lead to racial profiling.

National Identity Card (Nepal)
National Identity Card (Nepal)

Different countries follow very different rules for identification. According to Privacy International, possession of identity cards is compulsory in about 100 countries. In some places, people must get an ID when they reach a certain age. In Egypt, all citizens age 16 or older must have an ID card. These cards expire after 7 years. In contrast, many English-speaking countries do not mandate national ID cards. This includes Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These nations use de facto equivalents, like driver's licenses or passports, to verify identity in specific situations.

New Estonian ID card (2021)(front)
New Estonian ID card (2021)(front)

Beyond national identity, different types of cards serve specific purposes. In the United Kingdom, taxicab drivers carry ID cards for security. Construction workers may use a CSCS card to prove their safety training. In Australia, workers with children must have a Blue Card or a Working with Children Card. These are not national identity cards, but they prove specific qualifications or background checks. Some people also argue that private identification might be safer. For example, every human carries unique DNA. This is extremely hard to falsify. Some believe that using DNA or biometric phone activation might eventually replace state-issued cards.

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🖼️ Images & Media (65)
File:1941 Italian Blackshirt identity card issued to a Ferroviaria Legion 10 member.jpg
1941 Italian Blackshirt identity card...
File:National ID card policy.svg
National ID card policy.svg
File:Persoonskaart.jpg
Persoonskaart.jpg
File:ZA Smart ID Front.png
ZA Smart ID Front.png
File:ZA Smart ID Reverse.png
ZA Smart ID Reverse.png
File:Carte d'identité tunisienne recto2.jpg
Carte d'identité tunisienne recto2.jpg
File:The People's Republic of China resident identity card (SAMPLE).png
The People's Republic of China resident...
File:Indonesian identity card.jpg
Indonesian identity card.jpg
File:The Example of the Biometric Teudat Zehut front side.jpg
The Example of the Biometric Teudat Zehut...
File:KuwaitiID.jpg
KuwaitiID.jpg
File:Macau ID card 2013.jpg
Macau ID card 2013.jpg
File:Macau ID card back 2013.jpg
Macau ID card back 2013.jpg

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