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Passport

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A passport is a formal travel document issued by a government. It serves to certify a person's identity and their nationality for international travel.

Passports-assorted
Passports-assorted

This document allows the bearer to enter and temporarily reside in a foreign country. It also provides access to local aid and protection while abroad. Furthermore, it allows a person to obtain consular assistance from their own government. Passports are essential for border security and regulating how people migrate between nations. They also function as identity documents for many domestic purposes.

The physical passport usually takes the form of a small booklet. It bears the name and emblem of the issuing government on the cover. Inside, the booklet contains biographical information about the individual. This includes their full name, a photograph, their place and date of birth, and their signature. The document does not create rights in a visited country. Instead, it provides certification to foreign officials regarding the holder's identity and right to travel.

Passport design world map
Passport design world map

The pages are used for inserting entry and exit stamps. They also hold travel visas, which are endorsements that allow a person to reside in a country under specific conditions.

There are several distinct types of passports used around the world. The most common type is the ordinary passport issued to individual citizens. However, certain classes of people receive special versions. For example, diplomats and government officials may be issued diplomatic passports. These can provide specific privileges, such as immunity from arrest or prosecution. Some countries also issue specialized documents for specific purposes. The Indonesian Hajj Passport is a notable example, used only by pilgrims performing the Hajj.

Indonesian Hajj Passport
Indonesian Hajj Passport

History shows that travel documents have existed since antiquity. In the Hebrew Bible, around 450 BC, Nehemiah received a letter from King Artaxerxes I. This letter requested safe passage through various lands. Ancient Indian texts from the third century BCE also mention sealed passes for entering or exiting the country. In China, the Western Han dynasty used passports that recorded age, height, and bodily features. Even children required these documents to move through imperial counties.

Passports-assorted
Passports-assorted

The term "passport" may have medieval Italian origins. It might derive from words meaning to pass a harbor or a gate. In the 12th century, the Republic of Genoa issued a document called a Bulletta. This was used by nationals traveling to overseas colonies and by foreigners entering them. In England, King Henry V is credited with creating the first passport in a modern sense. By 1540, the Privy Council of England took over the role of granting these documents. Eventually, the British government moved this responsibility to the Office of the Secretary of State in 1794.

Modern passport systems changed rapidly during the 20th century. Before World War I, many people in Europe traveled without passports. The expansion of railways made enforcement difficult, leading to relaxed requirements. However, World War I changed this as governments introduced controls for security. In 1920, the League of Nations held the Paris Conference on Passports and Customs Formalities. This helped create standardized guidelines and booklet designs. Later, in 1980, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) brought about further standardization.

Aeroport de dubai terminal 3 egate (echecking of passport)
Aeroport de dubai terminal 3 egate (echecking of passport)

Today, technology has introduced the biometric passport. Since 1998, many countries have transitioned to these electronic versions, known as e-passports.

Manufacturing passports of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing passports of the United Kingdom

These contain an embedded microchip, similar to a smartcard. This chip uses Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, to store digital signature data. This technology helps authenticate the traveler's identity and safeguards against counterfeiting. As of July 2024, over 150 jurisdictions issue these e-passports. This makes processing much faster for border controllers using optical character recognition.

Passports relate to broader legal and political systems. Historically, the authority to issue them rested on the executive discretion of a state. This meant governments had complete power to refuse or revoke a document. Some legal scholars argue that modern constitutional and international laws have made these old rules obsolete. Regardless, the passport remains a vital link between an individual and their home nation. It connects personal identity to the complex systems of global movement and international law.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Passports-assorted.jpg
Passports-assorted.jpg
File:Aeroport de dubai terminal 3 egate (echecking of passport).jpg
Aeroport de dubai terminal 3 egate...
File:Indonesian Hajj Passport.png
Indonesian Hajj Passport.png
File:ROC National Without Registration Passport Datapage.jpg
ROC National Without Registration...
File:Manufacturing passports of the United Kingdom.jpg
Manufacturing passports of the United Kingdom.jpg
File:Passport design world map.svg
Passport design world map.svg
File:PassportmessageUSA.jpg
PassportmessageUSA.jpg
File:Singapore Passport.svg
Singapore Passport.svg
File:Pakistani passport not valid for Israel.jpg
Pakistani passport not valid for Israel.jpg
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