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Brahman

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Brahman is a fundamental concept in Hindu metaphysics. It represents the highest universal principle and the ultimate reality of the entire universe. Many thinkers describe it as the origin and cause of all that exists. All existence proceeds from Brahman, and eventually, everything returns to it. It is often called the primordial reality. This reality creates, sustains, and ultimately withdraws the universe within itself.

Aum Om black
Aum Om black

The meaning of Brahman has evolved significantly over many centuries. In the early Vedic period, dating to the late second millennium BCE, the term had a more specific focus. Scholars like Jan Gonda note that it originally referred to the power immanent in sound. This included the power found in words, verses, and ritual formulas. This early meaning is sometimes called Sabdabrahman. Over time, the concept underwent a process of abstraction. It expanded from the power of ritual sound to the deeper foundation of all phenomena.

Wassertropfen
Wassertropfen

The Upanishads greatly expanded these ideas. These ancient texts explore metaphysical, ontological, and soteriological themes. In this context, Brahman is the essence of the self, known as Atman. It represents a truth of a person that exists beyond apparent differences. Brahman is described as a knowledge that leads to spiritual liberation. It is seen as a fearless, luminous, and blissful essence. This concept helps people seek freedom from the limitations of the material world.

Different philosophical schools interpret the relationship between Brahman and the individual differently. In non-dual schools, such as Advaita Vedanta, the substance of Brahman is identical to Atman. This view holds that Brahman is everywhere and inside every living being. There is a connected spiritual oneness in all existence. In contrast, dualistic schools like the theistic Dvaita Vedanta hold a different view. These followers believe that Brahman is distinct and different from the Atman in each being.

Mozzercork - Heart (by)
Mozzercork - Heart (by)

It is important to distinguish Brahman from other related Sanskrit terms. The word Brahman comes from the root *bṛh-*, meaning to expand, grow, or make firm. It is a neuter noun, making it a gender-neutral concept. This differs from Brahmā, who is a masculine deity. Brahmā is the creator god in the Hindu trinity, known as the Trimurti. While Brahman is the ultimate reality, Brahmā is a specific deity associated with creation. Brahmā is long-lived but not eternal. He is absorbed back into Purusha at the end of an aeon and reborn at the start of a new kalpa.

Brahman also relates to the many deities found in Hindu traditions. Some views see various gods as expansions of Brahman into different forms. These expansions, called devas, each possess a certain quality. In the Vedic religion, there were 33 devas. For example, deities like Vishnu, Lakshmi, Shiva, Parvati, and Ganesha have complex personalities. However, they may be viewed as incarnations of the same ultimate reality.

Vishnu and Lakshmi on an elephant meeting Shiva, Parvati and Wellcome V0045027
Vishnu and Lakshmi on an elephant meeting Shiva, Parvati and Wellcome V0045027

Symbols and art also help express these deep ideas. In Hindu iconography, the swan, or Hansa, is a symbol for the connection between Brahman and Atman. The swan personifies the ground of being that is both transcendent and immanent. This means Brahman is both the universe within every living being and the universe beyond. By studying these connections, thinkers attempt to understand the internal and external worlds in their entirety.

Mozzercork - Heart (by)
Mozzercork - Heart (by)
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