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Vedas

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The Vedas are a vast body of ancient religious texts from India. They are composed in Vedic Sanskrit. These writings represent the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature. They also serve as the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. The word "Veda" comes from the Sanskrit root "vid," which means "to know." This root is related to words for "seeing" or "wisdom." In some contexts, the term can also refer to finding wealth.

Rigveda MS2097
Rigveda MS2097

Many Hindus view the Vedas as "apauruṣeya." This term means they are not of a human origin. They are described as superhuman, impersonal, or authorless. According to this belief, the texts are sacred revelations. Ancient sages heard these sounds after intense meditation. The Hindu epic Mahabharata credits the god Brahma with their creation. Tradition also names Vyasa as the compiler who arranged the mantras.

Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration
Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration

There are four primary Vedas in this collection. These are the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda, and the Atharvaveda. Each Veda is divided into four distinct subdivisions. First are the Samhitas, which are collections of mantras and benedictions. Second are the Brahmanas, which provide commentaries on rituals and sacrifices called Yajñas. Third are the Aranyakas, known as "forest texts" for those meditating in the wild. Finally, the Upanishads discuss philosophy and spiritual knowledge.

Taittiriya Samhita Vedas, Devanagari script, Sanskrit pliv
Taittiriya Samhita Vedas, Devanagari script, Sanskrit pliv

The Samhitas are the oldest part of the Vedic corpus. They contain invocations to deities such as Indra and Agni. These prayers seek success in battles or the welfare of a clan. The complete collection of Vedic mantras contains about 89,000 padas, or metrical feet. Of these, 72,000 occur within the four Samhitas. Specifically, 37,575 padas belong to the Rigveda. The remaining 34,857 padas are found in the other three Samhitas.

Rigveda MS2097
Rigveda MS2097

History shows a clear timeline for these texts. The Rigveda was composed in northwestern India between 1500 and 1200 BCE. The other three Samhitas date to the Kuru kingdom between 1200 and 900 BCE. The Brahmanas were written between 900 BCE and 700 BCE. The Upanishads were composed between 800 BCE and the end of the Vedic period. These texts were shared through oral transmission for many centuries. Sages used elaborate mnemonic techniques to ensure accuracy.

Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration
Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration

Scholars categorize these texts into two different systems. The first system is śruti, which means "what is heard." This includes the Vedas and their embedded parts like the Upanishads. The second system is smṛti, which means "what is remembered." This includes works like the Bhagavad Gita and the Ramayana. Another way to classify them is by their content. Some scholars use the terms karma-kanda for ritual sections. Others use jnana-kanda for sections focused on spiritual knowledge.

Taittiriya Samhita Vedas, Devanagari script, Sanskrit pliv
Taittiriya Samhita Vedas, Devanagari script, Sanskrit pliv

The Vedas relate to many different philosophical traditions. Schools that accept the authority of the Vedas are called "orthodox" or "astika." This includes specific branches of Hindu philosophy. However, other traditions are called "heterodox" or "nastika." These include Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka, and Ajivika. These groups do not regard the Vedas as authoritative. Despite these differences, the Upanishads remain a foundation for much of Hindu thought. They explore the identity between Atman, the inner self, and Brahman, the cosmic self.

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File:Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration.png
Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration.png
File:Rigveda MS2097.jpg
Rigveda MS2097.jpg
File:Taittiriya Samhita Vedas, Devanagari script, Sanskrit pliv.jpg
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