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Warhead

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A warhead is a very important part of a weapon. It is the specific section that holds the material used to cause damage. This material might be an explosive or a toxic substance. A missile, rocket, torpedo, or bomb carries the warhead to its target.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Different types of warheads work in different ways. Some use conventional explosives like gunpowder to release stored energy. Other types use nuclear fission or fusion to create a huge energy release.

Many warheads use metal to help them work. A fragmentation warhead throws metal pieces at very high speeds. There are also continuous rods made of metal bars. These bars form a ring shape when they explode. This ring can cut through military aircraft. A shaped charge uses a metal liner to make a jet of metal. This jet can pierce through heavy armor. An explosively formed penetrator uses a metal plate to make a projectile.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Some warheads carry materials that can make people very sick. Chemical warheads carry toxic substances like nerve gas. Biological warheads carry infectious agents like anthrax spores. These are designed to sicken or kill humans. Often, these warheads use an explosive charge to spread the material quickly. This helps the substance reach a larger area.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

To make the material work, a warhead needs a detonator. A contact detonator triggers the explosion upon hitting a target. A proximity detonator uses sensors like radar or lasers. It senses when a target is at a certain distance. Some detonators are timed to go off after a set period. Others use altitude to explode at a specific height in the air. A remote signal can also trigger a warhead.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Warheads are part of a larger system of ammunition. They are often attached to guidance systems to help them fly. People study the history and costs of these weapons. For example, Stephen I. Schwartz wrote about the costs of U.S. nuclear weapons in 1998. Chuck Hansen also wrote about the secret history of U.S. nuclear weapons. These books help us understand the tools used in modern warfare.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)
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