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Warhead

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A warhead is the specialized section of a weapon system. It contains the specific agent used to cause damage or destruction. This agent might be an explosive, a toxic chemical, or a biological material. The warhead is the payload of a delivery vehicle. These vehicles include missiles, rockets, torpedoes, or bombs.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Without the warhead, the delivery vehicle would have no way to impact a target. The warhead is what defines the effect of the weapon.

Explosive warheads use various methods to release energy. Conventional warheads use chemicals like gunpowder to store energy in molecular bonds. An electric spark can trigger a quick release of this energy. Thermobaric weapons are a type of explosive that use the surrounding atmosphere to enhance the blast. Some warheads focus on the blast itself, creating a strong shock wave. Others use fragmentation to project metal pieces at very high velocities.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Specialized metal effects allow explosives to target specific objects. A continuous rod warhead uses metal bars welded into a cylinder. An explosion expands these bars into a zig-zag ring. This ring can cut through military aircraft designed to resist shrapnel. A shaped charge uses a metal liner to create a hypervelocity jet of metal. This jet is used to perforate heavy armor. An explosively formed penetrator uses a concave metal plate. The detonation turns this plate into a high-velocity projectile.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Nuclear warheads operate through much larger energy releases. These weapons rely on nuclear fission, which is known as a fission bomb. They can also use nuclear fusion, which creates a thermonuclear weapon. These processes release immense amounts of energy compared to conventional explosives.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Because of this power, nuclear warheads are a major focus of study in military history. They represent a different scale of impact than chemical or biological agents.

Other warheads carry substances designed to affect living things. Chemical warheads disperse toxic substances such as nerve gas or poison gas. These are intended to injure or kill human beings. Biological warheads disperse infectious agents, such as anthrax spores. These are also designed to sicken or kill humans. To make these effective, many warheads use an explosive charge. This charge ensures the material is dispersed rapidly over a large area.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Every warhead requires a detonator to trigger its contents. Contact detonators activate when the warhead physically hits a target. They may include a delay to trigger at a specific time after contact. Proximity detonators use sensors like radar, sonar, lasers, or magnetic sensors. These allow the warhead to explode when it reaches a certain distance from a target. Some systems also use directional explosion control to aim fragmentation toward the target.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Other types include timed detonators or those triggered by a specific altitude. A remote signal from an operator can also be used for detonation.

Understanding warheads involves studying their history and their costs. Researchers like Stephen I. Schwartz have documented the consequences of nuclear weapons. His 1998 book, "Atomic Audit," examines the costs of U.S. nuclear weapons since 1940. Chuck Hansen also wrote about the secret history of U.S. nuclear weapons. These studies help people understand the systems of ammunition and guidance used in warfare.

B-61 bomb (DOE)
B-61 bomb (DOE)

Warheads are complex components that work within larger guidance and delivery systems.

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