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Ukraine

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Ukraine is a large country located in Eastern Europe.

Map of Ukraine with Cities
Map of Ukraine with Cities

It is the second-largest nation on the European continent, following Russia. Russia borders Ukraine to the east and the northeast. To the north, Ukraine shares a border with Belarus. The western borders meet Poland and Slovakia. To the southwest, the country borders Hungary, Romania, and Moldova. In the south and southeast, the land meets the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory)
Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory)

The name "Ukraine" has several possible origins. One interpretation suggests it comes from an old Slavic term meaning "borderland." This is similar to the word "krajina." Another interpretation is that the name means "region" or "country." In the 20th century, English speakers often called it "the Ukraine." This was because the Russian word "ukraina" means "borderland." However, this usage has become politicized. Using "the Ukraine" can imply a disregard for Ukrainian sovereignty. Since independence in 1991, the official position is that "the Ukraine" is incorrect.

Human history in this region spans tens of thousands of years. Evidence shows humans inhabited the area as early as 32,000 BC.

Indo-European migrations
Indo-European migrations

Early cultures like the Neolithic Cucuteni–Trypillia culture flourished in the Dnieper-Dniester region. The area is also a probable location for the first domestication of the horse. During the Iron Age, the land was home to the Scythians and Sarmatians. From the 6th century BC, Greek and Roman colonies thrived on the Black Sea coast. These settlements were important commercial centers for many centuries.

A major turning point occurred in the 9th century with Kievan Rus'.

Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132)
Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132)

This state included much of modern Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia. In 882, Prince Oleg conquered Kyiv and made it the capital. The 10th and 11th centuries are known as a Golden Age. During this time, Kievan Rus' was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. The reign of Yaroslav the Wise marked the peak of its military and cultural power. However, the state eventually fragmented into smaller regional powers. In the 13th century, the Mongols destroyed Kyiv during their invasions.

For the next 600 years, external powers frequently ruled or contested the land. These included the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth held much of the territory after 1569.

Rzeczpospolita2nar
Rzeczpospolita2nar

In the 17th century, the Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine. This was a military quasi-state led by the Zaporozhian Cossacks. It existed until the 18th century when it was absorbed by the Russian Empire. The 20th century brought further upheaval during the Russian Revolution. The short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic was formed during this period of change.

The Soviet era brought significant hardship to the Ukrainian people. In 1922, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became part of the Soviet Union. In the early 1930s, millions died during the Holodomor. This was a human-made famine that devastated the population.

GolodomorKharkiv
GolodomorKharkiv

During World War II, Germany occupied the territory. This period involved major battles and atrocities. Approximately 7 million civilians were killed during the war. Ukraine finally gained independence in 1991 as the Soviet Union dissolved.

RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States
RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States

Today, Ukraine is a semi-presidential republic and a unitary state.

Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN
Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN

The country has a transition economy. As of 2024, it has the lowest nominal GDP per capita in Europe. Ukraine is a major global exporter of grain due to its fertile land.

Spasiv Rivne Oblast Ukraine 4
Spasiv Rivne Oblast Ukraine 4

However, the Russo-Ukrainian war has caused grain production to decline. This decline poses a risk to global food security. The nation is considered a middle power in international affairs. It is a founding member of the United Nations. Ukraine is also working toward joining the European Union and applied to NATO in 2022.

EU DCFTA EFTA
EU DCFTA EFTA

Ukraine maintains a very large and capable military force. It is ranked as the sixth largest military in the world. The nation also has the eighth largest defense budget globally. One notable feature is its use of a massive and diverse drone fleet. Recent conflicts have also seen the use of advanced technology like HIMARS.

Ukrainian HIMARS in Zaporizhya oblast, early June 2022 (3)
Ukrainian HIMARS in Zaporizhya oblast, early June 2022 (3)

The capital, Kyiv, remains the largest and most important city.

Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега
Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега

Other major urban centers include Kharkiv, Odesa, and Dnipro. The official language spoken throughout the country is Ukrainian.

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🖼️ Images & Media (45)
Президентський оркестр Гімн.ogg
File:Ukraine (orthographic projection) with Disputed Land.png
Ukraine (orthographic projection) with...
File:Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg
Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg
File:Topographic map of Ukraine (with borders and towns).svg
Topographic map of Ukraine (with borders...
File:Indo-European migrations.jpg
Indo-European migrations.jpg
File:Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132).jpg
Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132).jpg
File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png
Rzeczpospolita2nar.png
File:Hondius Bohdan Khmelnytsky.jpg
Hondius Bohdan Khmelnytsky.jpg
File:Polish troops in Kiev.jpg
Polish troops in Kiev.jpg
File:Ukrainian national costumes 04.jpg
Ukrainian national costumes 04.jpg
File:GolodomorKharkiv.jpg
GolodomorKharkiv.jpg
File:Les Kurbas Portrait.jpg
Les Kurbas Portrait.jpg

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