Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Swimming (sport)

sports Maturity 7-9 Next article →

Swimming is a competitive racing sport that uses the entire body to move through water. Athletes compete in pools or in open water, such as lakes and seas. The primary goal of high-level competition is to break personal or world records while beating other competitors.

Phelps 400m IM-crop
Phelps 400m IM-crop

To achieve maximum speed, swimmers must move in a way that creates the least resistance. This focus on efficiency is a central part of the sport. While many swimmers focus on speed, others are recognized for their exceptional technical skills.

Competitive swimming features four major styles, known as strokes. These are the butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle. In most races, a swimmer uses only one specific style. However, the individual medley, or IM, requires swimmers to perform all four. In an IM event, athletes swim equal distances of butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle.

Swimming pool 50m 2008
Swimming pool 50m 2008

There are also relay races where four swimmers work together as a team. In a medley relay, the swimmers must follow a specific order: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and then freestyle.

Since the 1990s, the underwater dolphin kick has significantly changed the sport. This technique involves a powerful, undulating movement used to maximize speed after starts and turns.

Swimmers like David Berkoff and Denis Pankratov showed how effective this could be. At the 1988 Olympics, Berkoff used the kick to break a world record. In 1996, Pankratov used it to win gold in the butterfly. Because this move can be so fast, World Aquatics now limits how far a swimmer can stay underwater to 15 metres. In 2014, a rule was also added allowing one dolphin kick during the breaststroke pullout.

Training for competition involves a specific cycle of physical work. Athletes begin with a period of heavy workload to build strength. As a major competition approaches, they enter a stage called tapering. Tapering is the practice of reducing exercise to allow the body to rest without stopping completely.

Tyler Clary (7707350946) (cropped)
Tyler Clary (7707350946) (cropped)

Swimmers also use a method called "shave and taper." This involves shaving off exposed hair to reduce drag and create a more hydrodynamic feel. This process can also remove a top layer of dead skin, which may help shave milliseconds off a race time.

Swimming has a very long history. Stone Age paintings from roughly 10,000 years ago provide the earliest evidence of recreational swimming.

LeanderPicart
LeanderPicart

Ancient texts like the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Bible also contain written references. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann wrote the first complete book on the subject, titled Colymbetes. Competitive swimming emerged in England during the 1830s. By 1880, the Amateur Swimming Association was formed, and over 300 regional clubs existed in England.

Burgess and Webb
Burgess and Webb

Men's swimming was included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. Women's swimming joined the Olympics later, in 1912.

Competitions take place in different types of environments. Long course pools are 50 metres long and are used for Olympic events.

Pool Lengths
Pool Lengths

Short course pools are smaller, and world records for these pools are kept separate from long course records. This is because the number of turns in a race can affect a swimmer's performance. In open water competitions, swimmers race in natural bodies of water. While there are 5 km, 10 km, and 25 km events, only the 10 km event is part of the Olympic schedule.

Open water swimming (18)
Open water swimming (18)

Rules and regulations ensure that all races are fair and safe. World Aquatics, formerly known as FINA, sets the standards for competition. These rules cover everything from the acceptable form of a stroke to the types of swimsuits and jewelry allowed.

Kazan 2015 - Katie Ledecky wins 400m freestyle (cropped)
Kazan 2015 - Katie Ledecky wins 400m freestyle (cropped)

Even the lanes in a pool are assigned based on a swimmer's previous times. In a ten-lane pool, the fastest swimmers are placed in the center lanes to avoid waves created by others. While swimming offers many benefits, athletes must be careful of injuries, such as tendinopathy in the shoulders or knees.

642 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:LeanderPicart.jpg
LeanderPicart.jpg
File:Burgess and Webb.jpg
Burgess and Webb.jpg
File:Kazan 2015 - Katie Ledecky wins 400m freestyle (cropped).JPG
Kazan 2015 - Katie Ledecky wins 400m...
File:Phelps 400m IM-crop.jpg
Phelps 400m IM-crop.jpg
File:Swimming pool 50m 2008.svg
Swimming pool 50m 2008.svg
File:Pool Lengths.svg
Pool Lengths.svg
File:16 ACPS Atlanta 1996 Australian Swim Team Training.jpg
16 ACPS Atlanta 1996 Australian Swim Team...
File:Tyler Clary (7707350946) (cropped).jpg
Tyler Clary (7707350946) (cropped).jpg
File:Open water swimming (18).jpg
Open water swimming (18).jpg
File:Ryan Lochte (4800088801).jpg
Ryan Lochte (4800088801).jpg
File:Rotator cuff tear.jpg
Rotator cuff tear.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.