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Butterfly stroke

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The butterfly stroke, often called the "fly," is a powerful and symmetric swimming style.

Swimmers perform this stroke while lying on their front. They move both arms simultaneously in a rhythmic pattern. This movement is paired with a specialized leg motion called the butterfly kick. This kick is also known as the dolphin kick. The swimmer uses their hips and chest to create an undulating, wave-like motion. This wave travels from the head down to the toes. For most competitive athletes, butterfly is the second fastest stroke. Only the front crawl is faster in racing conditions.

To master the butterfly, a swimmer must coordinate a complex sequence of movements. Each full stroke cycle consists of one complete arm movement and two leg kicks. The cycle begins when the arms enter the water in front of the head. The leg kicks are divided into two distinct phases. The upbeat occurs when the legs move upward through the water. The downbeat occurs when the legs move downward. This coordination establishes a steady rhythm for the entire body. Swimmers often use interval training to maintain efficiency. These sets combine short sprints with longer aerobic repetitions to fight fatigue.

The arm movement is broken into five specific technical phases. First is the entry and stretch, where arms enter the water above the head. The hands enter about shoulder-width apart with thumbs pointing down. This allows the hands to slice into the water efficiently. Next is the outsweep and catch. During the outsweep, the hands move outward and the elbows bend. The arms move slowly during the catch to prepare for the next step. Then comes the insweep, where the arms pull inward. This is followed by the upsweep and the recovery, where the arms lift over the water.

Detailed timing is essential for forward acceleration. The first leg downbeat should happen as the arms enter the water. Swimmers face downward upon entry to reduce hydrodynamic drag. This helps the head initiate the body's wave-like motion. After the downbeat, a swimmer might glide in a streamlined position. This happens before the outsweep and catch begin. During the outsweep, the upper body and head begin to rise. This rise is caused by the movement of the arms, the second upbeat, and buoyancy. High-skilled swimmers show great synchronization between these parts to travel further per stroke.

The history of the butterfly is a story of innovation within the breaststroke. In 1911, George Corsan demonstrated a "fishtail kick" to David Armbruster. Later, Jack Sieg imitated a fish to develop the dolphin kick. Armbruster and Sieg experimented with this kick in breaststroke races. Armbruster called it the "dolphin breaststroke kick" and wanted it legalized. In the late 1920s, swimmers like Erich Rademacher used an overarm recovery. This was called the "flying fish" and was used during turns or finishes. These innovations eventually led to the "butterfly-breaststroke" style.

Competition rules changed as the style evolved. In 1938, a FINA meeting nearly prohibited the butterfly arm recovery in breaststroke. However, the motion did not carry because it lacked a two-thirds majority. By the 1948 London Olympics, almost all finalists used the butterfly-breaststroke technique. This dominance forced officials to separate the two styles. In 1953, butterfly became its own official competitive event. It made its Olympic debut at the 1956 Helsinki Games. William Yorzyk won the men's 200m event, and Shelley Mann won the women's 100m event.

Modern rules ensure the stroke is performed correctly in competition. Swimmers must remain on their breast from the first arm stroke until the finish. During starts and turns, swimmers can glide underwater. They may use dolphin kicks while submerged to reduce drag. However, rules limit underwater swimming to 15 meters. The head must break the surface before that distance is reached. At turns and the finish, the swimmer must touch the wall with both hands. These hands must be separated and touch the wall simultaneously. This ensures a fair and standardized competition for all athletes.

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