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Sufism

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Sufism is a way of practicing Islam that focuses on the inner heart.

A Sufi in Ecstasy in a Landscape LACMA M.73.5.582
A Sufi in Ecstasy in a Landscape LACMA M.73.5.582

Many people call this "Islamic mysticism." Sufis want to reach a state of natural purity. They call this original, pure state "fitra." To get there, they work on "tazkiah," which means purifying the self. They also try to reach a high spiritual station called "maqam." One important way they do this is through "dhikr." This is a special way to remember God.

Dhikr Rifa-iyya
Dhikr Rifa-iyya

Some Sufis even use music or dance to help them focus.

Whirling dervishes, Rumi Fest 2007
Whirling dervishes, Rumi Fest 2007

Sufis often join groups called "orders" or "tariqa."

Blagaj – Vrelo Bune 5
Blagaj – Vrelo Bune 5

Each order is led by a spiritual guide called a "shaykh" or "murshid." The followers of a guide are called "muridin," which means those who are "desirous." These groups are built on a long chain of teachers. This chain connects the current teacher back to the prophet Muhammad. Most orders trace their teachings through Ali. However, the Naqshbandi order traces its path through Abu Bakr. The goal for everyone in the order is to seek the ultimate truth.

Sufism began very early in Islamic history. It emerged in the Hejaz region, which is in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Some scholars believe it grew as a reaction to the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. Many people think Sufism grew under the teaching of Hasan al-Basri. He is known as a founding figure in the science of purifying the heart.

Rabia al-Adawiyya
Rabia al-Adawiyya

Other early figures include people like Rabia Basri. Even during the time of Muhammad, some companions showed deep devotion. One such person was Abu Dharr al-Ghifari. These early followers helped shape the traditions we see today.

There are many different ideas about where the word "Sufi" comes from. One common idea is that it means "one who wears wool." In the past, many mystics wore simple woolen clothes.

Man holding the hem of his beloved, Islamic art 16th century
Man holding the hem of his beloved, Islamic art 16th century

Another idea links the word to "safa," which means purity. A scholar named Al-Hasan ibn Salih al-Rudhabari combined these ideas. He said a Sufi is someone who wears wool on top of purity. Some also link the name to the "people of the suffah." These were companions of Muhammad who sat on a bench at the Prophet's Mosque.

Muhammad2
Muhammad2

Sufism has a very large impact on the world. In the past, Sufi missionaries helped spread Islam to new places. Even today, Sufism is an important part of the Islamic world. It has influenced many types of spirituality in the West. Many people also study Sufism in schools and universities.

While some modern movements have challenged Sufi orders, the tradition continues. It remains a way for many to find a deep connection to the Divine. The study of these ideas helps us understand how people seek truth.

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🖼️ Images & Media (32)
File:Rabia Sufi.jpg
Rabia Sufi.jpg
File:Six Sufi masters.jpg
Six Sufi masters.jpg
File:Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg
Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg
File:Hoeltzer24.jpg
Hoeltzer24.jpg
File:A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg
A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.7...
File:Jahangir with sufi.jpg
Jahangir with sufi.jpg
File:Blagaj – Vrelo Bune 5.jpg
Blagaj – Vrelo Bune 5.jpg
File:Whirling dervishes in Galata Mawlawi House, 1870.png
Whirling dervishes in Galata Mawlawi...
File:تراث مصري 03.jpg
تراث مصري 03.jpg
File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2014-07-31.jpg
Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2014-07-31.jpg
File:Man holding the hem of his beloved, Islamic art 16th century.jpg
Man holding the hem of his beloved,...
File:Muhammad2.svg
Muhammad2.svg

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