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Shiva

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Shiva is one of the most important gods in the Hindu tradition. Many people in India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka follow him. He is also honored in places like Indonesia.

Traditional Indian Print by Artist Raja Ravi Varma
Traditional Indian Print by Artist Raja Ravi Varma

In the Shaivism tradition, he is seen as the Supreme Lord. This means he is the one who creates, protects, and changes the entire universe. He is also part of a group of three main gods called the Trimurti. In this group, he holds the role of the Destroyer. This role is not about being mean, but about helping the world transform.

Elephanta Caves Trimurti
Elephanta Caves Trimurti

Shiva has many different sides to his personality. Some sides are very kind and gentle. In these roles, he is seen as a wise yogi. He is often called Adiyogi, which means the first yogi. This makes him a patron god for yoga, meditation, and the arts.

Sivan Isha
Sivan Isha

He can also be a family man. He has a wife named Parvati and two children named Ganesha and Kartikeya. Other sides of Shiva are much more fierce. In these stories, he is often shown fighting against demons.

6 Śiva and Pārvatī seated on a terrace. 1800 (circa) BM
6 Śiva and Pārvatī seated on a terrace. 1800 (circa) BM

There are many special things that people use to recognize Shiva. He often has a snake named Vasuki around his neck. A crescent moon might sit in his hair. The holy river Ganga is also said to flow from his hair. He may have a third eye on his forehead. This eye can turn things into ashes if it is opened.

ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury
ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury

He also carries a weapon called a trishula, which is a trident. Another tool he uses is a small drum called a damaru. Many people worship him using an object called a lingam.

Shiv lingam Tripundra
Shiv lingam Tripundra

Historians study how the idea of Shiva grew over a very long time. He may have started as a much older god named Rudra. This name appears in the Rig Veda, which is a very old collection of texts. Shiva might have come from many different older gods and traditions. This process helped bring many different beliefs together into one major figure.

8th century Standing Shiva Mahadeva, Kashmir, India, Clevelandart 1989.369
8th century Standing Shiva Mahadeva, Kashmir, India, Clevelandart 1989.369

Some people even look at very old art from the Indus Valley. They look at a seal called the Pashupati seal. This seal shows a figure that some call a prototype of Shiva.

Shiva Pashupati
Shiva Pashupati

Because Shiva has so many names, people use them to show respect. There are texts called Sahasranamas that list a thousand different names for him. One version of these names is found in the Mahabharata. Other hymns, like the Shri Rudram Chamakam, also call him by many names.

Pashupatinath Temple-2020
Pashupatinath Temple-2020

The name Shiva itself can mean many things in Sanskrit. Some say it means "auspicious" or "kind." Others think it means "the pure one." These names help people understand the many ways he is seen.

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🖼️ Images & Media (18)
File:Elephanta Caves Trimurti.jpg
Elephanta Caves Trimurti.jpg
File:Shiva Pashupati.jpg
Shiva Pashupati.jpg
File:ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg
ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg
File:Pashupatinath Temple-2020.jpg
Pashupatinath Temple-2020.jpg
File:Lingothbhavar.jpg
Lingothbhavar.jpg
File:8th century Standing Shiva Mahadeva, Kashmir, India, Clevelandart 1989.369.jpg
8th century Standing Shiva Mahadeva,...
File:Khajuraho Ardharnareshvar.jpg
Khajuraho Ardharnareshvar.jpg
File:Traditional Indian Print by Artist Raja Ravi Varma.jpg
Traditional Indian Print by Artist Raja...
File:Sivan Isha.jpg
Sivan Isha.jpg
File:6 Śiva and Pārvatī seated on a terrace. 1800 (circa) BM.jpg
6 Śiva and Pārvatī seated on a terrace....
File:Indian - Festival Image of Shiva - Walters 543084.jpg
Indian - Festival Image of Shiva -...
File:Siva With Moustache From Archaeological Museum GOA IMG 20141222 122455775.jpg
Siva With Moustache From Archaeological...

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