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Religious text

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Religious texts are writings that hold central importance to various religious traditions. These documents often contain a compilation of beliefs, ritual practices, and moral commandments. They may also outline laws, ethical conduct, and spiritual aspirations. For many followers, these texts serve as authoritative sources of wisdom and divine revelation. They are frequently regarded as sacred or holy. These writings represent the core principles that a religious community strives to uphold.

These texts perform two distinct regulatory functions. At the group level, they regulate liturgical rituals and systems of law. This helps a community maintain its traditions and social structures. At the individual level, they seek to regulate ethical conduct. They also work to direct the spiritual aspirations of a single person. While some texts are seen as divine revelations, others are narratives about a religion's themes. Some discuss important figures or general practices rather than acting as direct commands.

Scholars often distinguish between different types of religious literature using the concept of a canon. The term "canon" comes from a Greek word meaning a cane used as a measuring instrument. In a religious sense, a canon acts as a standard, norm, or rule. It is a catalogue of sacred scriptures that a faith accepts as agreeing with its rules. Texts are categorized based on their relationship to this list. Some are called canonical, meaning they are officially accepted. Others are labeled as non-canonical, extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical, or post-canonical.

This categorization often reflects historical developments within a faith. The differentiation between canonical and non-canonical literature can stem from sects and conflicts. As groups branch off over time, they may experience competition regarding which texts are accepted. One group might accept a common minimum of beliefs, while another rejects certain interpretations or practices. The earliest recorded use of the term "canon" regarding sacred scripture dates to the 4th century CE. Historical records like the Synod of Laodicea mention both canonical and non-canonical texts.

Religious writing has a very long history. One of the oldest known religious texts is the Kesh Temple Hymn from ancient Sumer. This text was inscribed on clay tablets around 2600 BCE. The Epic of Gilgamesh also originated in Sumer around 2150 BCE. Although some scholars debate if it is strictly a religious text, it includes mythological figures and divine themes. The Rigveda, a scripture of Hinduism, dates to 1500 BCE. It is one of the oldest complete religious texts surviving today. Biblical texts have their earliest dating in the 13th or 12th centuries BCE.

Before modern technology, the production of these texts was a slow process. All religious texts were handwritten copies, which meant there were relatively limited quantities in circulation. High rates of mass production and distribution did not begin until the invention of the printing press in 1440. Many of these sacred scriptures actually began as oral traditions. They were passed down through memorization from one generation to the next. Eventually, these spoken words were committed to writing.

In Islam, the primary sources of law and theology include the Quran and the Sunnah. The Quran is the divine revelation delivered through the prophet Muhammad. The Sunnah consists of the traditions and practices of Muhammad that serve as a model for Muslims. These traditions are documented by hadith, which are verbal records of his teachings, deeds, and sayings. Because different sects of Islam exist, they may disagree on which hadiths should be accepted as canonical. This shows how the authority of religious texts can develop and change over time.

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