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Spiritual practice

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A spiritual practice, often called a spiritual discipline, involves the regular performance of specific actions. These activities aim to induce spiritual experiences and foster spiritual development. Many major religious traditions use a metaphor of walking a path to describe this process. For example, Islam uses the term Sharia, while Indian religions use Marga. Taoism and Christianity refer to it as "The Way." By following these practices, a person moves along a path toward a specific goal. This goal is often described as salvation, liberation, or union with a divine being. People who follow these paths are sometimes called wayfarers or pilgrims.

In Judaism, spiritual practices are diverse and include many specific actions. Followers may engage in prayer, such as the Shema or Amidah, and recite various blessings. Other practices include Torah study, fasting, and observing the Shabbat. Some people follow dietary laws known as kashrut or give tzedakah, which is charity. A concept called kavanah involves directing the heart to achieve higher contemplative thoughts. The Musar movement is an example of a group that encourages meditation and chanting. Certain times of the year, such as the High Holy Days, are associated with specific practices like teshuvah.

Christianity offers a wide range of disciplines to help believers deepen their faith. Many devout Christians maintain a home altar for prayer and reading devotional literature.

Home Altar
Home Altar

Common disciplines include fasting, Bible study, and frequent church attendance. Some participate in the sacraments, such as the Eucharist, or practice Christian monasticism. Specific denominations emphasize different methods, such as the Catholic Church's focus on the rosary. Methodists view works of mercy and piety as essential for sanctification. In contrast, Quakers practice silent worship that is occasionally interrupted by vocal ministry. Some traditions also use tools like prayer beads or engage in Lectio Divina.

The liturgical calendar also guides Christian spiritual life through different seasons. During Advent, many Christians use daily devotionals and light an Advent wreath to prepare for Christmas. The season of Lent serves as a preparation for Eastertide. During Lent, many followers, especially Catholics, Methodists, and Anglicans, participate in the Friday Fast. They might also pray the Stations of the Cross or make a Lenten sacrifice, such as practicing teetotalism. These seasonal practices help structure the spiritual journey throughout the year.

Islam includes several structured ways to practice spirituality. A central element is salat, which is ritual prayer. During salat, Muslims aim to subdue all thoughts and concentrate solely on Allah. Other important activities include fasting and the Hajj pilgrimage. Some Muslim groups, specifically Sufis, engage in deeper immersion through practices like Dhikr and Muraqaba. They also practice Sama, which involves Sufi whirling. These methods are intended to bring the practitioner closer to a state of spiritual intensity.

In Indian religions, the terms for these practices vary by tradition. In Theravada Buddhism, the term for spiritual cultivation is bhavana. The word "yoga" is also central to early Buddhist texts and is often translated as "spiritual practice." In Zen Buddhism, spiritual practice can include zazen meditation, calligraphy, or the Japanese tea ceremony.

Hinduism uses the term sādhanā to describe the cultivation of spirituality. Common practices include Japa, the repetition of a mantra, and Puja. Hindu scriptures recommend four types of yoga: Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga, and Raja Yoga. Some traditions also use Tantric practices to access spiritual realms through the material world.

Philosophy also provides frameworks for spiritual discipline. The Cyrenaics developed negative visualization, a technique later used by the Stoics. Stoics view philosophy as an active way of life involving constant training and asceticism. They might use daily reflection, keep journals, or practice contemplation of death to stay present. Epicureanism also treats philosophy as a way of life, using exercises to remove fear. Additionally, some people view certain martial arts, such as Tai Chi or Aikido, as forms of spiritual practice.

Modern and diverse practices have also emerged in recent history. The Baháʼí Faith treats obligatory and devotional prayer as essential laws for individual discipline. In the New Age movement, Reiki is a popular healing modality. It was developed by the Japanese monk Mikao Usui and involves the laying on of hands. Some modern Western practices explore the use of aboriginal instruments like the Didgeridoo or specific breathwork. These various methods show how humans across time and culture seek to connect with something beyond themselves.

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