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Lesbian

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A lesbian is a woman or girl who is attracted to other women. The term can also be an adjective describing women's experiences or female homosexuality. This identity is a significant part of human diversity. It relates to how people understand their own feelings and their place in society.

Lesbians at 2022 Montreal Pride protest march (retouched)
Lesbians at 2022 Montreal Pride protest march (retouched)

Many people use the label to build a sense of group heritage. They also use it to express group pride. This identity can be very personal and sometimes involves navigating social stereotypes.

Double Venus symbol (bold)
Double Venus symbol (bold)

Scientists and researchers have looked into the biological aspects of sexual orientation. Some studies suggest that prenatal androgen exposure may correlate with same-sex behavior in women. Androgens are hormones that are present before birth. Researchers have also looked at digit ratios, which are measurements of fingers. These ratios can vary between lesbian and heterosexual women in cross-cultural studies. Neuroimaging studies have searched for differences in neurological structures. However, a 2021 meta-analysis concluded these findings were inconclusive due to small sample sizes. Genetics also play a role, as genes may control about 20% of the variance in women's sexual orientation.

Identity formation can be a complex process for many individuals. Some women report a consistent orientation throughout their lives. Others experience fluidity, meaning their feelings may change over time. Some people identify as both lesbian and non-binary or queer. Others might use the term bisexual alongside lesbian. In some communities, women who have never been with men are called "gold star lesbians." This can sometimes lead to challenges or ridicule within the community. Researchers have noted that self-applied labels do not always match reported sexual behavior. For example, some women who identify as straight report having sex with women. Conversely, some self-identified lesbians report having sex with men.

Symbols play a major role in expressing lesbian identity and connection. One common symbol is the interlocking Venus emblems. The Venus symbol is an astronomical sign for the planet Venus. It is also a botanical and zoological symbol of femaleness.

Double Venus symbol (bold)
Double Venus symbol (bold)

Many feminist communities use these interlocking symbols to represent sisterhood. There are also many different flags used by the community. The lesbian community flag introduced in 2018 features a dark orange stripe. This stripe represents gender variance.

Lesbian Pride Flag 2019
Lesbian Pride Flag 2019

Another version is the lesbian feminist flag. This flag uses a labrys, which is a double-bladed axe. The labrys is set against a violet background to represent strength.

Labrys Lesbian Flag
Labrys Lesbian Flag

There is also the lesbian pride pink flag, which is derived from the lipstick lesbian flag design.

The word "lesbian" has a deep etymological history. It is a derivative of Lesbos, a Greek island.

Amanda Brewster Sewell, Sappho, 1891
Amanda Brewster Sewell, Sappho, 1891

The island was the home of the ancient poet Sappho. In the 6th century BCE, Sappho wrote poetry about her love for other women. Before the mid-19th century, the word "lesbian" referred to many things. It could describe anything related to Lesbos, including a specific type of wine. By 1870, the term began to describe erotic relationships between women. In 1890, the National Medical Dictionary used it as an adjective for tribadism. By 1925, it was recorded as a noun.

Apollodoros (attr.), kylix attica con due etere alla toeletta, 490-480 ac
Apollodoros (attr.), kylix attica con due etere alla toeletta, 490-480 ac

History shows that lesbianism has been documented across many cultures and eras. In ancient Greece, Sappho's poetry provided some of the earliest mentions. In ancient Rome, myths and dialogues included lesbian characters. In the Aztec Empire, the Florentine Codex described female homosexuality. This 16th-century study also noted violent repression during Spanish colonization. Some Indigenous peoples of the Americas recognized a third gender for women. In the West, the 17th to 19th centuries saw a fashion for expressing passionate love between women. However, the 19th and 20th centuries brought new categorizations. Sexologists like Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Havelock Ellis viewed these attractions as a form of insanity.

Charles Buchel - Radclyffe Hall
Charles Buchel - Radclyffe Hall

Different eras provided very different environments for lesbians. In the 1920s, Berlin had a vibrant culture with about 50 lesbian clubs. This culture disappeared when the Nazis rose to power in 1933. In the United States, the government began persecuting homosexuals around 1950. Despite this, between 1955 and 1969, over 2,000 lesbian pulp fiction books were published in North America. In the modern era, rights vary significantly by location. Some countries like Taiwan have legalized same-sex marriage.

Same-sex-marriage-taiwan
Same-sex-marriage-taiwan

In other places, like Yemen, homosexuality is criminalized. Modern polls estimate lesbians make up 1% to 3% of the global population. Social movements continue to advocate for legal protections and cultural acceptance worldwide.

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🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:Lesbians at 2022 Montreal Pride protest march (retouched).jpg
Lesbians at 2022 Montreal Pride protest...
File:Double Venus symbol (bold).svg
Double Venus symbol (bold).svg
File:Amanda Brewster Sewell, Sappho, 1891.jpg
Amanda Brewster Sewell, Sappho, 1891.jpg
File:Lesbian Pride Flag 2019.svg
Lesbian Pride Flag 2019.svg
File:Labrys Lesbian Flag.svg
Labrys Lesbian Flag.svg
File:Lesbian Pride pink flag.svg
Lesbian Pride pink flag.svg
File:Apollodoros (attr.), kylix attica con due etere alla toeletta, 490-480 ac.jpg
Apollodoros (attr.), kylix attica con due...
File:Charles Buchel - Radclyffe Hall.jpg
Charles Buchel - Radclyffe Hall.jpg
File:Lautrec in bed 1893.jpg
Lautrec in bed 1893.jpg
File:Childrens Hour trailer.jpg
Childrens Hour trailer.jpg
File:EllenDeGeneres1997Emmies.jpg
EllenDeGeneres1997Emmies.jpg
File:Vanity Fair Cover Lang Crawford.jpg
Vanity Fair Cover Lang Crawford.jpg

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