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Burlesque

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Burlesque is a creative method used to cause laughter through caricature and imitation.

The High Rollers Extravaganza Co. - Bend Her - c.1900
The High Rollers Extravaganza Co. - Bend Her - c.1900

It works by treating serious subjects in a ridiculous or ludicrous manner. The word comes from the French and Italian terms for a joke or mockery. In a literary sense, it involves imitating the spirit of a serious work to make it seem silly. This style overlaps with other forms like parody, travesty, and caricature. For a burlesque to work, the audience must recognize the original subject being mocked. This shared knowledge allows the humor to land effectively.

In literature, burlesque is often divided into two distinct categories: high and low. High burlesque applies an elevated, dignified, or literary style to a commonplace or inappropriate subject. A famous example is Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock," which uses a courtly manner to discuss a trivial matter. Low burlesque does the opposite by applying an irreverent or mocking style to a serious subject. Samuel Butler's poem "Hudibras" is a classic example of this. It uses a colloquial idiom and satiric doggerel verse to describe a Puritan knight. This method turns caricatures into satire, making the subject matter appear absurd.

Musical burlesque uses different mechanisms to achieve a grotesque or high-spirited effect.

Faustupto
Faustupto

Starting in the early 18th century, composers across Europe began juxtaposing serious and comic elements. This technique creates a sense of farce or exaggeration. In the 19th century, German-language stages frequently used burlesque to indicate a bright mood. Johann Strauss II and C. M. Ziehrer wrote burlesque operettas, such as "Die lustigen Weiber von Wien" in 1868. Composers like Igor Stravinsky also used the term for his works, such as the 1911 ballet "Petrushka." Some orchestral works, like Richard Strauss's 1890 "Burleske" for piano and orchestra, also use this style.

Many famous composers have used burlesque to define specific movements within larger works.

Ruy-blas-programme-crop
Ruy-blas-programme-crop

For instance, the "Burlesca" in Bach's Partita No. 3 for keyboard follows this tradition. Mahler used a "Rondo-Burleske" in the third movement of his Symphony No. 9. Shostakovich also included a "Burlesque" movement in his Violin Concerto No. 1. These musical examples often rely on dance rhythms to enhance the playful nature of the piece. Even jazz and ragtime have utilized burlesque through travesties, such as George L. Cobb's "Russian Rag." This shows how the concept can move between classical and popular musical systems.

During the Victorian era, theatrical burlesque became a major form of entertainment in London.

Florence St. John
Florence St. John

These shows were often musical parodies of well-known operas, plays, or ballets. They were sometimes called "extravaganzas" or "travesties." The comedy often came from incongruity. Actors might wear realistic historical costumes while performing modern, absurd activities. These productions, like those by Madame Vestris at the Olympic Theatre, often used popular music for their songs. Later, more ambitious shows featured original music composed specifically for the performance. This style was highly popular between the 1830s and the 1890s.

In the United States, the term burlesque evolved into a different variety show format.

Gypsy Rose Lee NYWTS 1
Gypsy Rose Lee NYWTS 1

From the 1860s to the 1940s, these performances were common in cabarets, clubs, and theaters. They featured a mix of bawdy comedy and female striptease. This era of burlesque was quite different from the literary and musical traditions of Europe. However, the spirit of these performances was captured in several Hollywood films. Movies like the 1972 film "Cabaret" and the 1979 film "All That Jazz" included burlesque-style scenes. Since the 1990s, there has been a notable resurgence of interest in this variety format.

Ultimately, burlesque serves as a way to bridge the gap between the serious and the silly.

MichelleLAmourFanDance2641
MichelleLAmourFanDance2641

It connects literature, music, and theater through the shared goal of mockery and imitation. Whether it is a high-style poem or a low-style variety show, it relies on the relationship between the subject and the performer. It remains a versatile tool for artists to challenge conventions. From the works of Shakespeare and Cervantes to modern revues, burlesque continues to find new ways to provoke laughter.

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File:The_High_Rollers_Extravaganza_Co._-_Bend_Her_-_c.1900.jpg
The_High_Rollers_Extravaganza_Co._-_Bend_H...
File:Arabella-Fermor-crop.jpg
Arabella-Fermor-crop.jpg
File:Florence St. John.jpg
Florence St. John.jpg
File:Faustupto.jpg
Faustupto.jpg
File:Ruy-blas-programme-crop.jpg
Ruy-blas-programme-crop.jpg
File:Bon-Ton Burlesquers2.jpg
Bon-Ton Burlesquers2.jpg
File:Gypsy Rose Lee NYWTS 1.jpg
Gypsy Rose Lee NYWTS 1.jpg
File:MichelleLAmourFanDance2641.jpg
MichelleLAmourFanDance2641.jpg
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