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Parody

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A parody is a creative work designed to imitate a specific subject. It often uses satirical or ironic imitation to comment on or mock that subject. The target can be an original piece of art, such as a book or song. It can also target a person, a real-life event, or a cultural movement. Professor Simon Dentith defines it as a polemical, allusive imitation of another cultural production. While many people associate parody with humor, theorist Linda Hutcheon notes it is not always meant to be at the expense of the original text.

Jan Brueghel the Younger, Satire on Tulip Mania, c. 1640
Jan Brueghel the Younger, Satire on Tulip Mania, c. 1640

To understand how parody functions, one must look at its relationship to similar styles. It exists in a space between pastiche and burlesque. A pastiche is a composition written in another artist's manner without any satirical intent. Some critics call this "blank parody" because the humor is missing. Burlesque, however, is more aggressive. It adapts high literature to "low ends" to create a ridiculous effect. A parody sits in the middle, using imitation to create a new meaning or a funny observation.

There are several distinct types of imitation used in art. A spoof mocks a specific, recognizable work or a particular author's style. A satire is different because it aims to criticize real-world vices or social issues to provoke correction. A travesty imitates a work but focuses heavily on satirizing it, which can cause the playfulness of parody to be lost. Skits are shorter imitations that work within a satirical regime. Finally, burlesque specifically targets heroic poems or theater to degrade gods and heroes through "parodic anti-heroic drama."

Reggie Brown by Gage Skidmore 2
Reggie Brown by Gage Skidmore 2

The history of parody stretches back to ancient Greece. Aristotle credited Hegemon of Thasos with inventing a form of parody. Hegemon would slightly alter the wording of well-known poems to turn the sublime into the ridiculous. The Greek word *parodia* translates to "counter-song," meaning an imitation set against an original. In Greek Old Comedy, even the gods were targets. The play *Frogs* portrayed the god Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. Ancient Greeks also created satyr plays to parody traditional tragic plays.

In the 2nd century CE, Lucian of Samosata used parody to mock travel writers. He wrote *True History*, a book that exaggerated the improbable claims found in travel accounts. His characters traveled to the Moon and fought interplanetary wars with aliens. This work is sometimes described as the first science fiction. Later, in the 1910s and 1920s, Chinese writers used parody to mimic almost everything. They wrote funny eulogies for chamber pots and parodied official government notices and telegrams.

Musical parody has also evolved through different technical meanings. In classical music, parody once referred to the technical reworking of one composition into another. For example, 16th-century composers like Palestrina used a *missa parodia*, or parody mass, which quoted other vocal works. In the Baroque period, J.S. Bach reworked music from cantatas into his *Christmas Oratorio*. Today, musical parody is usually humorous. It involves lifting familiar lyrics or melodies and placing them into an incongruous, funny context. Artists like "Weird Al" Yankovic often use this method.

In the 20th century, parody became a central tool for artistic innovation. Modernist and postmodernist artists used it to connect with the past while acknowledging the modern world. This is often called "recontextualizing" parody. Instead of just mocking a text, artists use the original work as a tool to target something else. James Joyce’s *Ulysses* incorporates elements of Homer’s *Odyssey* into a modern Irish setting. T.S. Eliot’s *The Waste Land* recontextualizes many different prior texts. This allows artists to create new, autonomous forms of art by using what already exists.

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File:Jan Brueghel the Younger, Satire on Tulip Mania, c. 1640.jpg
Jan Brueghel the Younger, Satire on Tulip...
Shaggy Commits Tax Fraud - Cold Ones Animated.webm
File:Reggie Brown by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Reggie Brown by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
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I did not raise my girl to be a voter3.jpg
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