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Book of Tobit

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The Book of Tobit is a significant work of Second Temple Jewish literature.

Recto of leaf from the Book of Tobit (12906401985)
Recto of leaf from the Book of Tobit (12906401985)

It functions as a didactic folktale or novella. This means it uses storytelling to teach moral lessons. The narrative combines elements of adventure, romance, and wisdom tales. It also includes humor and comedy. The book emphasizes how God tests the faith of the people. It shows God responding to prayer and protecting the Israelites.

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 154
Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 154

Scholars suggest the book provides guidance for the Jewish diaspora. This helped people living in exile maintain their identity.

The story follows two separate Israelite families. In Nineveh, a pious man named Tobit lives a faithful life. However, he suffers from blindness after sparrows cause an accident with his eyes. Meanwhile, in Ecbatana, a woman named Sarah faces a different struggle. A demon named Asmodeus kills her prospective husbands on their wedding nights. To resolve these troubles, God dispatches the archangel Raphael. Raphael travels in a human disguise to assist the families.

William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Tobias Saying Good-Bye to his Father (1860)
William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Tobias Saying Good-Bye to his Father (1860)

This divine intervention connects the two households through a single journey.

The plot centers on the journey of Tobias, the son of Tobit. Tobit sends Tobias to recover ten silver talents from Rhages in Media. During this trip, Tobias meets the disguised Raphael. While traveling, they catch a fish in the Tigris River. Raphael instructs Tobias to use specific parts of the fish. The burnt heart and liver are used to drive out the demon Asmodeus. The fish gall is used to cure Tobit's blindness. After the demon is exorcised, Tobias and Sarah marry. They return to Nineveh, where Tobit's sight is miraculously restored.

Historians date the composition of the book to the 3rd or early 2nd century BC. The events within the story are set in the 8th century BC. Scholars believe the work was originally composed in a Semitic language. This theory is supported by the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran. These scrolls contain five fragments of the text. Four of these fragments are in Aramaic and one is in Hebrew. These fragments date to the 1st or 2nd century BC. While the book contains some geographical errors, its historical context remains a subject of study.

The book has a complex status in religious traditions. Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Assyrian Church of the East Christians call it deuterocanonical. This term refers to books in a "second canon." These groups include Tobit in their official Bible. Conversely, the Protestant tradition classifies the book as Apocrypha. Protestants view it as useful for teaching and liturgy but not as canonical. This distinction exists because Protestants follow the Masoretic canon. Rabbinic Judaism also rejected the book from its canon starting in the 2nd century. Rabbi Akiva famously stated that later books did not "defile the hands."

Many ancient versions of the text have been preserved. It was included in the Greek Septuagint and the Old Latin Bible. Major Christian codices like Vaticanus and Sinaiticus contain the text. Translations also exist in Arabic, Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopic, and Syriac. In the 3rd century, the scholar Origen noted that churches used the book. Even in the 15th century, Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts showed its continued use. The book's influence can be seen in other ancient writings. It likely influenced the Testament of Job and the Testament of Solomon.

The Book of Tobit remains significant for its ethical teachings. It is often cited for lessons on the intercession of angels. It also teaches about filial piety, which is respect for parents. Other themes include tithing and the importance of almsgiving. Because of its focus on the purity of marriage, it is read during weddings. The book connects ancient themes of exile and redemption to broader religious life. It serves as a bridge between historical context and spiritual instruction.

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🖼️ Images & Media (3)
File:Recto of leaf from the Book of Tobit (12906401985).jpg
Recto of leaf from the Book of Tobit...
File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 154.jpg
Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 154.jpg
File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Tobias Saying Good-Bye to his Father (1860).png
William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) -...
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