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Woodland

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

A woodland is a type of ecosystem characterized by land covered with woody plants. These plants include trees and shrubs. In a broad sense, woodlands are defined by their structure and light levels. They form open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. This is different from a forest. A forest has a higher density of trees. In a forest, the trees create a closed canopy. This canopy provides extensive and nearly continuous shade to the ground.

Woodland, Bogside - geograph.org.uk - 2215308
Woodland, Bogside - geograph.org.uk - 2215308

The way a woodland functions depends on its specific density. In North America, woodlands are defined by how they space their trees. The trees are scattered so that they produce more shade than a savanna. However, they produce much less shade than a forest. This open structure allows an understory to grow. This understory often includes shrubs and herbaceous plants like grasses. In central North America, oak trees are the most numerous species found in these areas.

Open Woodland in Illinois United States
Open Woodland in Illinois United States

Different regions use specific terms to describe these environments. In the United Kingdom, the term woodland refers to tree-covered areas that arose naturally and are then managed. This is distinct from a forest, which often describes plantations or hunting forests. British conservationists also use the term ancient woodland. This refers to wooded land that has existed since the year 1600. Some of these areas have existed for thousands of years, dating back to the last Ice Age.

Lebanon cedar forest
Lebanon cedar forest

Australia uses precise measurements to define its woodlands. An area is considered a woodland if it has a sparse tree cover of 10% to 30%. If the tree cover is very sparse, specifically less than 10%, it is called an open woodland. Australians also categorize woodlands by the height of the trees. They are divided into tall woodlands or low woodlands. This classification helps scientists distinguish them from forests, which have more than 30% tree cover.

Cumberland Plains Woodlands, Prestons - 2
Cumberland Plains Woodlands, Prestons - 2

Many woodlands require regular fire to maintain their biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of different living things in an area. Historically, woodlands were among the most widespread ecosystems on Earth. Today, they are often restricted to specific types of locations. They may exist on very poor or dry soils. They may also persist in areas that receive regular prescribed burns. These controlled fires help keep the ecosystem healthy and diverse.

Nyika miombo
Nyika miombo

Woodlands exist in many different climate zones across the globe. In Africa, you can find Miombo woodlands in countries like Malawi and Angola. There are also xeric woodlands in the deserts of Afghanistan and Mali. In the Nearctic realm, Pinyon–juniper woodlands exist in the United States. Other examples include the Limber Pine woodlands in the Toiyabe Range of Nevada.

Limber pine woodland
Limber pine woodland

Even coastal areas have specialized types, such as the Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain in Australia.

Human activity has a major impact on these ecosystems. In the eastern United States, much of the old-growth deciduous and pine-dominated forests were harvested. People used this wood for lumber, paper pulp, and telephone poles. It was also used for creosote, pitch, and tar. Because of these uses, conservationist groups work hard to protect remaining woodlands. In Northwest Indiana, the woodlands are preserved as part of the Indiana Dunes. This helps protect the plants and animals that live in these unique spaces.

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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Woodland, Bogside - geograph.org.uk - 2215308.jpg
Woodland, Bogside - geograph.org.uk - 2215308.jpg
File:Nyika miombo.jpg
Nyika miombo.jpg
File:Cumberland Plains Woodlands, Prestons - 2.jpg
Cumberland Plains Woodlands, Prestons - 2.jpg
File:Open Woodland in Illinois United States.jpg
Open Woodland in Illinois United States.jpg
File:Limber pine woodland.jpg
Limber pine woodland.jpg
File:MAL Mallee 1 Clyde Hill NR III-2011.jpg
MAL Mallee 1 Clyde Hill NR III-2011.jpg
File:Lebanon cedar forest.jpg
Lebanon cedar forest.jpg
File:Sahel forest near Kayes Mali.jpg
Sahel forest near Kayes Mali.jpg
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