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Windows 11

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Windows 11 is the current major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. An operating system is the core software that manages a computer's hardware and allows applications to run. Released on October 5, 2021, it serves as the successor to Windows 10, which debuted in 2015. This release marked the longest gap between major Windows versions in history. The time between Windows 10 and Windows 11 exceeded the gap between Windows XP and Windows Vista. Today, Windows 11 is the only fully supported consumer-oriented version of Windows. It provides a unified experience for various devices, including tablets and handheld game consoles.

Virtual Desktops in Windows 11
Virtual Desktops in Windows 11

The visual design of Windows 11 underwent a major redesign known as the Windows shell. This new look was heavily influenced by a canceled project called Windows 10X. Windows 10X was originally intended for dual-screen devices like the Surface Neo. It featured a centered taskbar and a modified Start menu without live tiles. Microsoft eventually integrated these foundational 10X technologies into Windows 11. The new interface follows Fluent Design guidelines to create a more fluid experience. Users now interact with a centered Start menu and a dedicated Widgets panel. This panel replaced the live tiles used in previous versions of the software.

Windows 11 also introduced several advanced features for productivity and entertainment. The Microsoft Teams communication platform is now integrated directly into the user interface. For web browsing, the system uses the Chromium-based Microsoft Edge browser. Gamers can benefit from technologies borrowed from the Xbox Series X and Series S. These include Auto HDR and DirectStorage, which work on supported hardware. The Microsoft Store was also redesigned to support more types of software. Developers can now distribute Win32 apps and progressive web applications through the store. Furthermore, a partnership with the Amazon Appstore allows for limited compatibility with Android apps.

To ensure high security, Microsoft implemented strict hardware requirements for Windows 11. These requirements include the use of UEFI and Secure Boot. A critical component is the Trusted Platform Module, or TPM, version 2.0. This is a specialized chip used to secure hardware through cryptographic keys. Because of these rules, official support is limited to specific processors. Users need at least an eighth-generation Intel Core processor or newer. For AMD users, a second-generation Ryzen processor or newer is required. Qualcomm Snapdragon 850 or later system-on-chips are also supported. These restrictions excluded many older systems, leading to criticism from users and the media.

The history of Windows 11 involves several interesting development stages. In 2015, an employee named Jerry Nixon suggested Windows 10 might be the last version. However, Microsoft later moved toward a service-based model with constant updates. In 2020, reports surfaced regarding a user interface refresh codenamed "Sun Valley." This project aimed to reinvigorate the interface and make it more consistent. During the 2021 Microsoft Build conference, CEO Satya Nadella teased the next generation of Windows. He mentioned that he had been self-hosting the system for several months. Shortly after, a virtual event hosted by Panos Panay officially announced the software.

Marketing for the new operating system was quite large and creative. When it launched, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai was illuminated with the Windows 11 logo. The "Bloom" wallpaper was used for this massive light display. In New York City, ice cream parlors distributed "Bloomberry" ice cream to celebrate. The first television commercial aired during the 2021 NFL Kickoff Game. It showcased the system's fluidity using imagery from the game Halo Infinite. Although the name was accidentally leaked in a support document earlier, the official rollout was phased. Newer devices received the upgrade through Windows Update before older ones.

Win11 flyout
Win11 flyout

Windows 11 has seen massive growth in its global usage since its release. By June 2025, it surpassed Windows 10 as the most installed version of Windows worldwide. Currently, Windows 11 holds a 67% worldwide market share. In comparison, Windows 10 holds 31%, and Windows 7 holds 1%. Among traditional PC operating systems, Windows 11 maintains a 38% share of users. This shift shows how quickly users have moved to the new platform. While some critics noted limitations in taskbar customization, the overall reception was mixed but largely positive. The system remains the primary focus for Microsoft's consumer software efforts.

Technically, Windows 11 represents a shift in how the system handles software architecture. It is the first version of Windows to lack a 32-bit build. It runs exclusively on x86-64 and ARM64 architectures. However, it can still run older 32-bit applications using the WoW64 subsystem. This subsystem has been used by 64-bit Windows versions since the Windows XP era. This allows the new system to remain compatible with a vast library of older software. By combining modern security with legacy support, Windows 11 connects different eras of computing. It bridges the gap between older desktop programs and new mobile-style applications.

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