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Microsoft Windows

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Microsoft Windows is a proprietary graphical operating system. An operating system is the core software that manages a computer's hardware and allows programs to run. Windows is a massive product line that serves many different sectors of the computing industry. It is divided into families for specific needs. For example, Windows for personal computers is for regular users. Windows Server is designed for server computers. Windows IoT is used for embedded systems, which are small computers built into other devices.

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021
Windows logo and wordmark - 2021

To understand how Windows works, we must look at its technical foundation. Most modern versions are based on the Windows NT architecture. The NT kernel is the most important part of this system. A kernel acts as the central brain that controls everything. It manages how the computer's memory is used and how different tasks are handled. This allows for multitasking, which means the computer can run many programs at the same time. In early versions, Windows used cooperative multitasking. This meant programs had to work together to share the processor. Modern versions use more advanced methods to ensure stability and speed.

Windows is organized into several distinct sub-families today. The first is the standard Windows family used for workstations and tablets. The latest version is Windows 11. The second family is Windows Server, which is used for large-scale computing. The latest version is Windows Server 2025. A third family is Windows IoT, which is used for embedded computers. The latest version is Windows 11 IoT Enterprise. There is also Windows PE. This is a lightweight, "live" version of the system. It is used for installing Windows on many computers at once or for troubleshooting problems.

Windows 3.0 workspace
Windows 3.0 workspace

The history of Windows began in 1981. Microsoft started working on a project called "Interface Manager." The name "Windows" was chosen because the system used graphical boxes to represent programs. In the industry, these boxes were called windows. Windows 1.0 was released on November 20, 1985. It was not a full operating system but a shell for MS-DOS. This meant it ran on top of an older, text-based system called MS-DOS. It included simple tools like a Calculator, Notepad, and Paint.

Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 mit 9 Setup HD-Disketten
Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 mit 9 Setup HD-Disketten

As time passed, the software became much more powerful. Windows 2.0 arrived in December 1987 and allowed windows to overlap. This change led to a legal dispute with Apple, but Microsoft eventually won in court. Windows 3.0 was released in 1990 and became a massive success. It sold 2 million copies in its first six months. This version improved how the computer managed memory. On August 24, 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95. This was a major turning point for users. It introduced the Start menu, the taskbar, and the Windows Explorer shell.

Windows Logo (1992-2001)
Windows Logo (1992-2001)

Windows has maintained a very large presence in the global market. It is currently the most popular desktop operating system in the world. It holds an 80% market share of the desktop market. As of February 2026, Windows 11 is the most common version used on desktops. It has a market share of 73%.

Windows logo variant (2003)
Windows logo variant (2003)

While Windows dominates desktops, it faces competition from other systems. For personal computers, its main rivals are macOS and Linux. For tablets, it competes with iPadOS and Android.

Windows logo and wordmark - 2012-2015
Windows logo and wordmark - 2012-2015

The Windows product line also includes several defunct families. Windows Mobile was used for phones and handheld devices. It was succeeded by Windows Phone, which was sold to smartphone manufacturers. Windows Phone was later succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile, but both are now defunct. Another older family was the Windows 9x series. This included Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me. Windows Me was the final version based on the MS-DOS foundation. After Windows XP, all consumer versions moved to the more stable Windows NT kernel.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Windows 3.0 workspace.png
Windows 3.0 workspace.png
File:Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 mit 9 Setup HD-Disketten.jpg
Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 mit...
File:Windows Logo (1992-2001).svg
Windows Logo (1992-2001).svg
File:Windows logo variant (2003).svg
Windows logo variant (2003).svg
File:Windows 2007.svg
Windows 2007.svg
File:Microsoft Windows 2009.svg
Microsoft Windows 2009.svg
File:Windows logo and wordmark - 2012-2015.svg
Windows logo and wordmark - 2012-2015.svg
File:Windows wordmark darkblue 2015.svg
Windows wordmark darkblue 2015.svg
File:Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg
Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg
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