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Android (operating system)

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Android is a massive operating system used primarily for touchscreen mobile devices. It powers a vast variety of smartphones and tablet computers across the globe.

Android-System-Architecture
Android-System-Architecture

An operating system is the essential software that manages a device's hardware and allows applications to run. Android is currently the most widely used operating system in the world. It maintains a massive installed base with over three billion monthly active users. This represents 46% of the total global operating system market.

HTC Android T-Mobile G1
HTC Android T-Mobile G1

The technical foundation of Android is built upon the Linux kernel. This kernel is a core part of the software that manages computer resources. At the center of the ecosystem is the Android Open Source Project, or AOSP. AOSP is free and open-source software licensed under the Apache License. This means developers can study and change the code freely.

AOSP Android Stack
AOSP Android Stack

However, most consumer devices actually run a proprietary version developed by Google. This version includes Google Mobile Services, or GMS. GMS provides essential closed-source tools like Google Chrome and the Google Play digital distribution platform. It also includes Google Play Services to help developers build apps. Google also recommends using Firebase Cloud Messaging to handle push notifications for users.

Because the core software is open, many different versions of Android exist. Some manufacturers create their own customized user interfaces. For example, Samsung uses a suite called One UI to change how the software looks and feels. There are also entirely different distributions of the software. Amazon offers Fire OS, which is a modified version. The community has also created LineageOS. The Android source code is so flexible that it works on many different types of hardware. It powers Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearable technology. It even runs Android Automotive for in-car systems. Some commercial products, like micro consoles and virtual reality headsets, use it too.

The history of Android began in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003. Andy Rubin and Chris White founded Android Inc. to build software for digital cameras. They eventually pivoted to mobile phones at the suggestion of Nick Sears. This change was meant to create a rival to Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile. Early on, the company struggled to find investors and almost lost its office space. A friend named Steve Perlman provided $10,000 in cash and more funding later. In July 2005, Google acquired the company for at least $50 million. Google executives later called this acquisition their best deal ever. The original team, including Rubin, joined Google as part of the sale.

Developing the software required significant changes due to new competition. An early prototype looked like a BlackBerry with a physical keyboard. However, the arrival of the iPhone in 2007 forced the team to start over. They changed their specifications to ensure touchscreens were supported. The first commercial smartphone to run the system was the HTC Dream, also known as the T-Mobile G1. It was announced in September 2008.

HTC Android T-Mobile G1
HTC Android T-Mobile G1

To support the platform, the Open Handset Alliance was formed in 2007. This group included Google, hardware makers like Samsung and HTC, and carriers like T-Mobile. Their goal was to create a truly open platform for mobile devices.

For many years, Google followed a unique naming tradition for its updates. After the first two versions, they began naming releases after desserts in alphabetical order. This included names like Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, and Froyo. In 2013, Google explained that they used dessert names because these devices make lives sweet. This tradition continued through versions like KitKat. However, this practice ended in 2019. Google decided that dessert names were not inclusive for an international audience. Consequently, the version known as Android Q was officially branded as Android 10.

Android has also been used to drive hardware innovation through specific programs. In 2010, Google launched the Nexus series to introduce new software and hardware standards. These devices were known for being "bloat-free" and receiving timely updates.

Later, the Google Play edition program offered specific versions of phones like the Samsung Galaxy S4. Google also attempted the Android One project in 2014. This was designed to provide high-quality, low-cost phones for consumers in developing countries. Eventually, Google moved toward its own hardware with the Pixel smartphone line. These devices were designed to showcase specific features like the Google Assistant.

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File:HTC Android T-Mobile G1.jpg
HTC Android T-Mobile G1.jpg
File:A Press Conference for the Launch of Nexus 7 on September 27, 2012 in Seoul from acrofan 3.JPG
A Press Conference for the Launch of...
File:HTC Desire - optic navigation.jpeg
HTC Desire - optic navigation.jpeg
File:AOSP Android Stack.png
AOSP Android Stack.png
File:Android-System-Architecture.svg
Android-System-Architecture.svg
File:Front view of Nexus 7 (cropped).png
Front view of Nexus 7 (cropped).png
File:Nook Color Showing Wikipedia Index On Dolphin Browser HD.jpg
Nook Color Showing Wikipedia Index On...
File:OUYA-Console-set-h.png
OUYA-Console-set-h.png
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Android x86 on EeePC 701 4G.jpg
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