Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
💻

Smartphone

technology Maturity 7-9 Next article →

A smartphone is a highly advanced mobile device. It combines traditional mobile phone functions with powerful computing capabilities.

These devices allow users to browse the web and use social media. They also support multimedia streaming, email, and mobile payments.

Mobile payment 03
Mobile payment 03

Most modern smartphones use a touchscreen interface. This allows users to interact with various applications through gestures. Because they are so versatile, smartphones have largely replaced many single-use gadgets. They have replaced personal digital assistants, portable media players, and even point-and-shoot cameras.

The internal workings of a smartphone are incredibly complex. At the core are metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chips.

20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라
20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라

These chips contain billions of tiny transistors called MOSFETs. The central processing unit (CPU) acts as the brain. In most smartphones, the CPU is part of a system-on-a-chip (SoC). This SoC is a single chip that houses many different components. It includes an application processor to run software and a cellular modem for calls.

Android OS
Android OS

Other specialized chips include the display driver for the screen and a sound chip for audio. There are even specific chips for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS reception.

Smartphones rely on a variety of sensors to understand the physical world. An accelerometer and a gyroscope allow the device to detect motion. These sensors enable the screen to rotate automatically when you turn the phone.

Android OS
Android OS

An ambient light sensor adjusts screen brightness based on your surroundings. A barometer measures air pressure to help estimate changes in altitude. Some devices even include a magnetometer, which acts as a digital compass by sensing Earth's magnetic field.

Range Rover mapping app
Range Rover mapping app

While some sensors are common, others are quite rare. For instance, a few models have included sensors for humidity, temperature, or even ultraviolet radiation. These tools allow both built-in and third-party apps to add new features to the device.

Input methods have evolved significantly over the years. Early smartphones often featured physical keyboards or dedicated buttons for calls.

Treo 300
Treo 300

Many devices in the early 2010s also had physical buttons for navigation or even a dedicated search button.

HTC Desire - optic navigation
HTC Desire - optic navigation

Today, most smartphones use large, capacitive touchscreens. These screens support multi-touch gestures, which allow for complex movements like pinching. Some specialized devices use a stylus for higher precision.

Mobile URL tooltip
Mobile URL tooltip

Others have used optical trackpads or pressure-sensitive screens. These advanced screens can even detect how hard you press. This can be used to simulate a gas pedal in a video game.

The design of the smartphone has shifted due to changing technology. In the late 2000s, the rising popularity of the iPhone changed everything.

Android OS
Android OS

Most smartphones moved toward a thin, slate-like form factor. They replaced physical keyboards with large, edge-to-edge displays. Many screens now use an aspect ratio taller than the traditional 16:9. This helps keep the phone easy to hold while providing more room for content.

Livraria do Senado (22622160063)
Livraria do Senado (22622160063)

Some displays use Liquid-crystal displays (LCD), while others use organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology. Even some prototypes have used electronic paper for low-power reading.

The smartphone industry has seen massive global growth. Since the early 2010s, faster wireless communication has pushed the industry forward.

Mobile URL tooltip
Mobile URL tooltip

Currently, over a billion smartphones are sold every year. In 2019 alone, companies shipped 1.54 billion units worldwide.

Hand held phones
Hand held phones

This technology is now a global standard. Approximately 75.05 percent of the world's population are smartphone users. Modern devices support many wireless standards, including LTE, 5G NR, and Wi-Fi. By the mid-2020s, manufacturers even began adding satellite messaging. This allows people to stay connected in remote areas without cellular service.

Smartphones connect many different fields of technology together. They serve as communication tools, navigation units, and entertainment hubs.

Range Rover mapping app
Range Rover mapping app

They use cloud storage to synchronize data across different devices. Virtual assistants also help users manage tasks through voice or text. This integration makes the smartphone a central part of modern life. It is no longer just a phone, but a gateway to the digital world.

Mobile payment 03
Mobile payment 03
659 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (20)
File:Wikipedia homepage on a large Android phone, 2015-04-16.jpg
Wikipedia homepage on a large Android...
File:Samsung Galaxy S6 edge (17448278539).jpg
Samsung Galaxy S6 edge (17448278539).jpg
File:TouchWiz 2013 device options.png
TouchWiz 2013 device options.png
File:HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg
HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg
File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg
Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg
File:Blackview A60 Smartphone Android mobile phone front face logged in screen.jpg
Blackview A60 Smartphone Android mobile...
File:Mobile_URL_tooltip.png
Mobile_URL_tooltip.png
File:HTC Legend - optic sensor.jpeg
HTC Legend - optic sensor.jpeg
Notification_LED.webm
File:Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG
Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG
File:Cheero powerbank & Samsung Galaxy S4 20140910.jpg
Cheero powerbank & Samsung Galaxy S4 20140910.jpg
File:20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라.jpg
20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라.jpg

+ 8 more

More to explore

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.