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Train

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A train is a connected series of vehicles designed to run along a railway track. These vehicles transport either people or freight, which refers to goods or cargo. Most trains are moved by locomotives, which are powerful engines that pull or push the other cars. Some trains are self-propelled, meaning the railcars have their own built-in power. Passengers or cargo are carried in railroad cars, also known as wagons or carriages.

Union Pacific train (26862149220)
Union Pacific train (26862149220)

To understand how a train moves, we must look at its design. Most trains use steel wheels on steel tracks. This combination creates low friction, which is the resistance between two surfaces. Because friction is low, trains are much more efficient at moving heavy loads than many other forms of transport. Trains are built to a specific gauge. The gauge is the exact distance between the two rails.

Railroad truck, FM55-20.Fig8-8
Railroad truck, FM55-20.Fig8-8

Trains have several different types and configurations. They can be sorted by what they carry, such as passenger trains or freight trains. They can also be sorted by weight, such as heavy rail or light rail. Some trains are built for speed, while others are for short or long distances. Specialized tracks allow for different kinds of movement. Monorails operate on a single rail. Funiculars and rack railways are designed specifically to climb very steep slopes.

Tokyo-Monorail-Type1000-1082F-EV
Tokyo-Monorail-Type1000-1082F-EV

Experimental technology has even led to maglev trains. Maglev stands for magnetic levitation, which means the train uses magnets to float above a guideway. Since the train is floating, it can reach much higher speeds than conventional trains. Since the 1970s, researchers have also developed trains that use alternative fuels. These include natural gas and hydrogen.

Fuxinghao CR400 high-speed train front
Fuxinghao CR400 high-speed train front

The history of the train began with very simple wagonways. These were paths made of stone used to move goods. Babylon used stone wagonways around 2,200 BCE. By the 1500s, wagonways were used to haul material from mines. In 1804, Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive. In 1825, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opened in the United Kingdom. George Stephenson ran a locomotive called Locomotion No. 1 there. It carried over 400 passengers at speeds up to 15 miles per hour.

Stockton & Darlington Railway (Brown via Getty Images)
Stockton & Darlington Railway (Brown via Getty Images)

As technology improved, steam locomotives were replaced by new power sources. In 1879, Werner von Siemens built the first electric train. Later, Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine in the 1890s. Diesel locomotives became very popular because they were more reliable and easier to maintain than steam. By 1980, most steam locomotives had been retired. In the 1960s, high-speed rail arrived. The Japanese Shinkansen began service in 1964. This was the first high-speed rail service in the world.

Shinkansen 0series (4424654951)
Shinkansen 0series (4424654951)

Trains are vital for the modern world and the environment. They are incredibly efficient compared to other ways of traveling. The International Energy Agency states that rail requires 12 times less energy than private vehicles. On average, rail emits 7 to 11 times less greenhouse gases per passenger-km than cars or planes. This makes trains a key part of sustainable energy. Freight trains are also important for moving bulk commodities like coal and grain. Using trains helps reduce traffic congestion on highways.

Tank car with placard 1017 (chlorine)
Tank car with placard 1017 (chlorine)

Many different parts work together to keep a train running. Bogies, also called trucks in North America, support the wheels and axles. Two-axle bogies are the most common because they help the train navigate curves. Different regions also use different systems to link cars together. In Europe and South America, many trains use buffers and chain couplers. In much of the rest of the world, knuckle couplers are the most popular choice.

Locomotora FSBC 2203
Locomotora FSBC 2203
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🖼️ Images & Media (25)
File:Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare - Google Art Project.jpg
Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy...
File:Stockton & Darlington Railway (Brown via Getty Images).jpg
Stockton & Darlington Railway (Brown via...
File:Union Pacific Big Boy 4014 Departing Las Vegas, NV, October 8th, 2019.jpg
Union Pacific Big Boy 4014 Departing Las...
File:Djursholmsbanan 1890-tal.jpg
Djursholmsbanan 1890-tal.jpg
File:Locomotora_FSBC_2203.jpg
Locomotora_FSBC_2203.jpg
File:Fuxinghao CR400 high-speed train front.jpg
Fuxinghao CR400 high-speed train front.jpg
File:Railroad truck, FM55-20.Fig8-8.png
Railroad truck, FM55-20.Fig8-8.png
File:GO Train Georgetown 5 (cropped).jpg
GO Train Georgetown 5 (cropped).jpg
File:Papan Jadwal Perjalanan Kereta Api di ruang tunggu penumpang Stasiun Sukomoro.jpg
Papan Jadwal Perjalanan Kereta Api di...
File:Metro-North_Bronx_track_work_continues_(9515218549).jpg
Metro-North_Bronx_track_work_continues_(95...
File:Narrow_gauge_railroad_-_Geriatriezentrum_Lainz_22.jpg
Narrow_gauge_railroad_-_Geriatriezentrum_L...
File:Derailment_Repair_(4213647132).jpg
Derailment_Repair_(4213647132).jpg

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