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Railroad car

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A railroad car is a specialized vehicle designed to travel on a rail transport network. These vehicles can carry passengers or various types of cargo. When several cars are coupled together and pulled by one or more locomotives, they form a train. Some passenger cars are self-propelled, meaning they have their own power to move without being pulled. In American English, the term "railcar" is a generic name for any railway vehicle. However, in many other countries, a "railcar" refers specifically to a powered, self-propelled vehicle.

Passenger car GN 3261 20041010
Passenger car GN 3261 20041010

Most railroad cars are used to carry revenue-earning loads. This means they are used to move people or goods that generate money for the railroad. These are classified into two main groups: passenger cars and freight cars. Passenger cars, also called coaches, are designed with internal fittings for human comfort. They can provide seating, lighting, and heating. Freight cars, known as wagons or trucks in different regions, are adapted to carry specific types of goods. There are also non-revenue cars, which do not earn money but are used for track maintenance or railroad operations.

South Australian Railways M class boxcar (goods van) 7016, new, in 1926
South Australian Railways M class boxcar (goods van) 7016, new, in 1926

Passenger cars feature many different seating arrangements. In standard-gauge cars, seats might be arranged with an aisle in the middle. This can result in configurations like 2+2 or 3+2 seats across the width. Some commuter cars place seats with their backs to the side walls to create a wide accessway. This design helps passengers load and unload more quickly during busy times. For long journeys, specialized cars exist, such as dining cars for meals or sleeping cars for overnight travel. Some cars even feature dome levels with glass roofs to provide better views of the scenery.

Passenger car GN 3261 20041010
Passenger car GN 3261 20041010

To power their systems, passenger cars use different electrical methods. They can take electricity directly from a head-end power generator on the locomotive via bus cables. Alternatively, they can use an axle-powered generator. This generator continuously charges batteries whenever the train is in motion. Modern cars often include air conditioning or windows that can be opened. Some systems also differentiate between first-class and second-class carriages. First-class cars may offer improved upholstery, reading lamps, and extra legroom for a premium price.

Passenger car GN 3261 20041010
Passenger car GN 3261 20041010

Freight cars are highly specialized to handle different materials. A boxcar is a fully enclosed car used for goods that need protection. Standard boxcars have about 3.5 times the capacity of a standard semi-trailer. For liquids or gases, railroads use tank cars, also known as tankers. If a railroad needs to move bulky items like coal or ore, it might use a gondola or a hopper. Hoppers are unique because they have bottom dump doors for easy unloading. For very large or heavy equipment, such as boilers or transformers, specialized Schnabel cars are used.

South Australian Railways M class boxcar (goods van) 7016, new, in 1926
South Australian Railways M class boxcar (goods van) 7016, new, in 1926

Some cars are built using advanced materials to improve efficiency. For example, the Pullman Company exhibited the first main-line all-aluminum passenger cars at the Chicago World's Fair between 1933 and 1935. Using aluminum can change the weight ratio of the vehicle. Aluminum freight cars have a higher net-to-tare ratio of 4.9 compared to 3.65 for traditional steel wagons. This means the car can carry more weight relative to its own empty weight. This efficiency helps the railroad move more goods using the same amount of energy.

South Australian Railways M class boxcar (goods van) 7016, new, in 1926
South Australian Railways M class boxcar (goods van) 7016, new, in 1926

Non-revenue cars are essential for keeping the rail network safe and functional. A caboose is a car attached to the rear of a freight train to watch for hazards. While many have been replaced by end-of-train devices, they were once vital for the crew. Other specialized vehicles include catenary maintenance cars for overhead electric lines and track geometry cars to check the rails. Even the military uses railroad cars, such as armored trains designed for protection. From moving food and passengers to maintaining the tracks themselves, railroad cars are the backbone of global transport.

BN caboose, Eola Yard, 1993
BN caboose, Eola Yard, 1993
Pancierovy vlak-Zvolen
Pancierovy vlak-Zvolen
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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Passenger car GN 3261 20041010.jpg
Passenger car GN 3261 20041010.jpg
File:South Australian Railways M class boxcar (goods van) 7016, new, in 1926.jpg
South Australian Railways M class boxcar...
File:BN caboose, Eola Yard, 1993.jpg
BN caboose, Eola Yard, 1993.jpg
File:Pancierovy vlak-Zvolen.jpg
Pancierovy vlak-Zvolen.jpg
File:RT-23 ICBM complex in Saint Petersburg museum.jpg
RT-23 ICBM complex in Saint Petersburg museum.jpg
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