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Swing (seat)

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A swing is a seat or a platform suspended from chains, ropes, or bars.

Large swing set, City Park (Griffin)
Large swing set, City Park (Griffin)

People use them to move back and forth for enjoyment or relaxation. You can find them in many places. They are common in children's playgrounds and private yards. Some people even have them inside their homes, such as the Indian oonjal. Swings are a universal way to experience rhythmic motion through play or rest.

To understand how a swing works, you can look at the physics of a pendulum. A swing oscillates, or moves back and forth, about a fixed pivot point at the top. As the rider moves downward, their gravitational potential energy converts into kinetic energy. This is the energy of motion. On the upswing, that kinetic energy turns back into potential energy.

Rope swing
Rope swing

If left alone, air resistance and friction in the pivot will eventually stop the motion. To keep swinging, you must add energy to the system. This is often done by a second person pushing or by the rider using a "pumping" motion.

There are several ways to pump a swing to increase its amplitude, which is the distance of the swing's arc. One method is driven harmonic oscillation. This happens when the rider rotates their body to create angular momentum.

Tire swing, near Litchfield, Connecticut LCCN2012630791
Tire swing, near Litchfield, Connecticut LCCN2012630791

This momentum is exchanged with the swing's pivot to increase kinetic energy. Another method is parametric oscillation. This occurs when the rider changes the system's center of mass. For example, a rider might crouch at the highest point and stand up at the lowest point. This change in the effective length of the pendulum helps gain energy.

Swings come in many specialized types designed for different ages and uses. For infants, bucket swings provide a secure seat with leg holes to prevent falls.

2018 04 Nestschaukel IMG 0021
2018 04 Nestschaukel IMG 0021

Older children might use seats made of flexible canvas, plastic, or rubberized tire treads. Tire swings are a popular variety, often made from a whole tire hanging from a tree. Some tire swings are designed for multiple children and hang flat from three or more points. Nest swings, also called Giggle Baskets, are shaped like bird nests and can carry multiple people at once.

Adults often use different styles of swings for relaxation. Porch swings are large, bench-like seats made of painted wood. They are typically mounted to a porch ceiling and can seat about three people. Canopy swings are similar but are portable and include a sunshade. There are also hammock swings, which are lightweight, removable bed-swings made of netting or canvas.

Hws
Hws

For more intense movement, tandem swings allow two people to face each other or sit back-to-back. In some parts of North America, face-to-face tandem swings are called teeter-totters.

Swinging has a very long history recorded in art and tradition. The earliest known representations are Greek artifacts. A terracotta sculpture from Hagia Triada shows a woman on a swing from the Late New Palace period, around 1450–1300 BC.

AMI - Schaukel
AMI - Schaukel

In Asia, there is a myth that swinging was popular in China during the Han dynasty. However, historians note this is not based on actual evidence. By the Song dynasty, professional acrobats used swings to move between boats on water.

Penelope Painter ARV 1301 7 satyr swinging a woman - satyr escorting the Basilinna (01)
Penelope Painter ARV 1301 7 satyr swinging a woman - satyr escorting the Basilinna (01)

In Eastern Europe, Slavic traditions have linked swinging to crop-fertility rituals.

Modern playground design has also changed over time. In the early 1900s, the playground movement brought swings into public spaces. By the mid-20th century, suburban playgrounds became very common. After the 1970s, designers began using woods and resins instead of tubular metal to improve child safety. Some people even try to turn swinging into a competitive sport. In Estonia, the sport of kiiking involves using a long swing with steel bars.

Kiiking
Kiiking

Players attempt to rotate a full 360 degrees around a central spindle.

Achieving a full 360-degree rotation is difficult on standard equipment. It is nearly impossible on ropes or chains because the swing must move at a very high velocity. The chains must maintain constant tension throughout the entire circle. If the velocity is too low, the radial gravitational force will pull the swing toward the center. This causes the trajectory to decay and results in a sudden jerk when the chain becomes taut again. Because of these physics, most swings are designed for rhythmic arcs rather than full loops.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:MoSchaukel.jpg
MoSchaukel.jpg
Tire swing, near Litchfield, Connecticut...
File:Rope swing.jpg
Rope swing.jpg
File:Hws.jpg
Hws.jpg
File:2018 04 Nestschaukel IMG 0021.jpg
2018 04 Nestschaukel IMG 0021.jpg
File:Penelope Painter ARV 1301 7 satyr swinging a woman - satyr escorting the Basilinna (01).jpg
Penelope Painter ARV 1301 7 satyr...
File:AMI - Schaukel.jpg
AMI - Schaukel.jpg
File:Large swing set, City Park (Griffin).JPG
Large swing set, City Park (Griffin).JPG
File:Kiiking.jpg
Kiiking.jpg
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