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Succubus

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A succubus is a female demon from European folklore.

Fritz Schwimbeck - My Dream, My Bad Dream. 1915
Fritz Schwimbeck - My Dream, My Bad Dream. 1915

These beings are described as appearing in the dreams of men. Their purpose in these stories is to seduce the sleeper. In modern times, artists often show them as beautiful or charming women. This makes them look attractive rather than frightening. However, older folklore often included more monstrous details. A closer look might reveal bird-like claws or serpentine tails.

Some traditions even describe them taking the form of a siren.

One major part of these legends is the ability to reproduce. This process involves both a succubus and a male demon called an incubus. According to the 1486 book *Malleus Maleficarum*, written by Heinrich Kramer, succubi collect semen from men. The incubus then uses this collected material to impregnate human females. This idea helped explain how demons could have children. In many traditions, demons were thought to be incapable of reproduction on their own. This specific cycle of interaction allowed for the creation of new life.

Children born from these demonic and human unions are called cambions. These beings are considered hybrids of both worlds. Folklore suggests that cambions might be born with physical deformities. They might also be more susceptible to supernatural influences. A famous example of this is the legendary magician Merlin. Some stories claim that Merlin was fathered by an incubus.

These stories connect the supernatural world directly to human history.

There are different theories about how these demons operate. King James discussed these ideas in his work *Dæmonologie*. He proposed that a devil might steal semen from a dead man. The demon would then deliver it to a woman. He noted that if this happened too slowly, the substance might go cold. King James also suggested that a devil could possess a dead body. This possession would cause the corpse to rise and engage in sexual relations. He believed that succubi and incubi were actually the same entity. He argued they were just described differently based on the sex of the person they were tormenting.

Historically, these beliefs were used to explain real nighttime phenomena. People used the idea of the succubus to make sense of sleep paralysis. They also used it to explain wet dreams. These were distressing experiences that people could not control. To fight these perceived powers, religious leaders took action. Priests and rabbis, such as Hanina ben Dosa and Abaye, tried to curb the influence of succubi.

They sought to protect humans from these nighttime visitors.

Repeated contact with these beings was often described as very dangerous. Walter Stephens writes in *Demon Lovers* about the physical costs to humans. Frequent interactions could lead to a rapid deterioration of mental and physical health. In some accounts, this decline could eventually result in death.

This shows that the folklore was not just about attraction. It was also about the perceived danger of the supernatural world. The relationship was often described as being at the expense of the man's life.

The word "succubus" has a specific history and meaning. It comes from the Late Latin term *paramour*, which means "to lie beneath." This refers to the position of the demon relative to the sleeping human. The English version of the word dates back to the late 14th century. Some people also referred to these beings as earth wanderers. Today, the succubus remains a common figure in many different types of fiction. It connects ancient folklore to modern storytelling about the unknown.

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