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Black magic

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Black magic, sometimes called dark magic, refers to using supernatural powers for selfish or evil purposes.

Pentagram
Pentagram

This concept serves as the malevolent counterpart to white magic. Many people define the difference between these two types of magic based on the practitioner's intent. If a person uses magic to cause harm, it is often labeled as black magic. In contrast, white magic is associated with benevolent or helpful goals. This distinction is a central way that people categorize magical practices in both history and modern belief systems.

Historically, the term has evolved through different languages and meanings. The first known appearance of "black magic" in English was in Edmund Spenser's epic poem, *The Faerie Queene*. He used the term "nigromancy," which was an anglicized version of the Middle English *nigromancy*. This word came from the Latin *nigromantia*, a medieval version of *necromantia*, or necromancy. The term was also influenced by the Latin word *niger*, meaning black. From approximately 1200 to 1500, the term *nigromancer* was commonly used to describe someone skilled in the "black arts."

Different scholars have proposed various ways to classify these magical traditions. In his 2009 book, *Magic and Alchemy*, Robert M. Place traces the origins of black magic to primitive, ritualistic worship of spirits. He notes that while white magic often mirrors shamanistic efforts to connect with spirits, black magic rituals were designed to evoke spirits to produce beneficial outcomes for the practitioner. Place prefers to use the terms "high magic" for white magic and "low magic" for black magic. However, he acknowledges that this classification can be based on prejudice. For example, expensive ceremonial magic might be called "high magic" regardless of whether the intent is good or bad.

During the Renaissance, the relationship between magic and religion was often tense. Many magical rituals were viewed as evil or irreligious by the church. Because of this, the Inquisition targeted witchcraft and non-mainstream esoteric studies. To avoid persecution, some intellectuals turned to "natural magic." Thinkers such as Marsilio Ficino, abbot Johannes Trithemius, and Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa used natural magic to advance their studies. They often had to work in secret to protect themselves from religious authorities while they explored ritualistic and esoteric ideas.

In the Late Middle Ages, a specific form of magic known as nigromancy became prominent. This was specifically defined as demonic magic. These rituals were often performed by groups of people surrounding a leader. This leader usually possessed a grimoire, which is a book of magic instructions. Because most grimoires were written in Latin, practitioners were typically members of the educated elite. One historical record from 1444 shows Inquisitor Gaspare Sighicelli taking action against a group in Bologna. During this event, Marco Mattei of Gesso and the friar Jacopo of Viterbo confessed to participating in these magical practices.

Sprenger - Malleus maleficarum, 1669 - BEIC 9477645
Sprenger - Malleus maleficarum, 1669 - BEIC 9477645

The *Malleus Maleficarum* is a famous text that discusses these subjects. In the 17th century, the term black magic was often reserved for specific accusations. These included invoking demons, hexing neighbors, or using magic to destroy crops. Some believed practitioners could even leave their bodies to travel great distances in spirit.

Vudu
Vudu

Popular culture often links Voodoo to black magic, but Voodoo has its own distinct traditions. In Voodoo, certain sorcerers known as bokor are known to use both black and white magic. While Voodoo is often associated with curses or zombies in fiction, it is a unique belief system with its own history.

Modern views on these topics continue to shift. In contemporary settings, many practitioners of Wicca and witchcraft try to distance themselves from black magic. Most modern Wiccan circles focus on benevolent magic and self-help spiritualism. They often reject those who seek to cause harm. Even in recent political conflicts, accusations of magic appear in the media. For instance, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian state media accused Ukraine of using "blood magick" to fight the military. These examples show how the idea of black magic remains a powerful concept in how people describe conflict and belief.

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