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Subconscious

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The subconscious is a specific part of the human mind. It refers to mental processes that are not in focal awareness. Focal awareness is the attention you give to things in the present moment. Because the mind has limits, it cannot focus on everything at once. Most researchers describe the subconscious as a massive storehouse for information. It holds your prior knowledge and all of your past experiences. This allows your conscious mind to focus on one task at a time.

To understand how this works, consider the limits of conscious attention. Researchers Locke and Kristof explain that our active awareness is very small. At any single moment, you can hold at most about seven disconnected objects in your focal awareness. If you tried to think about everything you know at once, your mind would be overwhelmed. The subconscious acts as an alternative storage system to manage this overflow. It keeps your vast library of knowledge ready for when you need it.

Different thinkers have defined the subconscious in various ways throughout history. In 1708, John Norris used an early version of the term. He suggested that objects of sense are not the same as objects of intellect. Later, in 1889, the psychologist Pierre Janet explored this idea further. In his thesis, *Of Psychological Automatism*, he argued for a powerful awareness beneath critical thought. Janet believed this layer existed under the active functions of the conscious mind.

Sigmund Freud, a famous figure in psychology, used the term in 1893. He used it to describe impulses and associations that people could not access consciously. However, Freud eventually stopped using the word "subconscious" entirely. By 1896, he began using more specific terms to describe mental layers. He introduced the *unconscious*, or *Unbewusstsein*, and the *preconscious*, or *Vorbewusstsein*. He felt "subconscious" was confusing because it did not distinguish between different types of mental processing.

In modern times, the term has moved into the realm of "New Age" literature. This field often views the subconscious as a powerful agency that can be controlled. Joseph Murphy became very influential in this area with his 1963 book, *The Power of Your Subconscious Mind*. Murphy claimed the subconscious functions much like a syllogism. A syllogism is a logical process where a conclusion follows a starting premise. For example, if you assume "kindness is a virtue" and "every virtue is laudable," your subconscious reaches the conclusion that "kindness is laudable."

Because of this perceived power, many people use specific techniques to influence the subconscious. These methods include affirmations, which are positive statements, and autosuggestion. Other methods include hypnosis, binaural beats, and subliminal messages. Some followers of these practices believe these tools can even cure physical sickness. They believe that by changing the thoughts in the subconscious, they can change real-world outcomes.

However, many scientists and skeptics remain very cautious about these claims. The magazine *Skeptical Inquirer* has criticized these ideas for being difficult to test. Physicist Ali Alousi argued that these mental processes are unmeasurable. He questioned if thoughts could truly affect anything outside of a person's head. Critics also point to confirmation bias and selection bias in these reports. They argue that people often only notice the positive results and ignore the failures. While psychologists focus on the "unconscious," the "subconscious" remains a major topic in metaphysical studies.

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