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Trance

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A trance is a state of semi-consciousness where a person's self-awareness changes. In this state, an individual might be completely unresponsive to external stimuli. Despite this, they remain capable of pursuing and realizing a specific aim. Some people in a trance are selectively responsive to directions from others. These states can occur involuntarily and without warning. Trance is often linked to various experiences like hypnosis, prayer, or altered states of consciousness. It can also be associated with magic, flow, and even the use of psychedelic drugs.

To understand how a trance works, we can look at cognitive models. In his 1995 book, *Trance: From Magic to Technology*, Wier defines a simple trance through cognitive loops. This happens when a cognitive object, such as a thought, an image, or a sound, repeats for a long time. This repetition results in various sets of disabled cognitive functions. Wier suggests that all trances occur on a dissociated trance plane. On this plane, certain functions like volition, or the ability to make choices, are disabled. This model includes common activities like sleep or watching television. It also encompasses meditation, hypnosis, and even addictions.

Another way to understand the mechanism is through the way the mind filters information. All human activities involve filtering information coming through our senses. This filtering influences how our brain functions and how we experience consciousness. Trance may be a way for the mind to change this filtering process. By changing how it filters, the mind can provide more efficient use of its resources. Castillo (1995) noted that trance phenomena result from the intense focusing of attention. This intense focus is the key psychological mechanism used to induce a trance. These responses are often tuned into neural networks in the brain, which are influenced by a person's culture.

Trance can be induced through many different sensory modalities. These are the different channels, like sight or sound, that we use to perceive the world. Auditory driving is one method, which uses the sense of hearing to induce a trance. This often works through a process called entrainment. Entrainment involves using repetitive rhythms to influence the brain. For example, shamanistic practitioners have used drumming for millennia to achieve this. Researcher Andrew Neher (1962) studied the importance of drums in these ceremonies. He connected drumming to "theta rhythms," which are theta brainwaves in the context of music.

Other sensory methods include visual, kinesthetic, and olfactory induction. Visual induction might involve looking at a mandala, a geometric design, or even cinema and theater. Kinesthetic induction uses movement, such as ecstatic dance, yoga, or breathing exercises. Olfactory induction uses the sense of smell, such as incense or flowers, to trigger a trance. Some people even use gustatory induction, which involves the sense of taste through herbs or fasting. There are also miscellaneous ways to enter a trance, such as through sleep deprivation, fever, or even a traumatic accident.

Trance has a deep and documented history across many cultures and religions. Many mystics have used trance to seek a direct connection with the divine. This includes figures in Yoga, Sufism, and various shamanic traditions. In the Christian tradition, many mystics are documented as having trance-like experiences. These include Hildegard of Bingen, John of the Cross, and Francis of Assisi.

In American Christianity, researchers like Taves (1999) have charted how people described these states. They used terms like the "indwelling of the Spirit" or the "power of God" to explain involuntary acts. These acts included unusual sensory experiences, visions, or even speaking in tongues.

There are also specific trance states related to social and survival contexts. In 2011, Joseph Jordania proposed the term "battle trance." This describes a mental state where combatants no longer feel fear or pain. In this state, individuals lose their individual identity and acquire a collective identity. This shows how trance can function on a much larger, social scale. Beyond the battlefield, trance is studied in medical and scientific inquiry. Researchers explore the benefits of these states for relaxation, healing, intuition, and inspiration. It remains a complex topic that connects psychology, neurology, and culture.

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