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Self-help book

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A self-help book is a specific genre of non-fiction text. These books are written with the clear intention to instruct readers on solving personal problems. They are often categorized as self-improvement books or media. The name comes from the 1859 best-selling book titled *Self-Help* by Samuel Smiles. While topics vary widely, these texts frequently incorporate concepts from popular psychology. Popular psychology refers to psychological theories used in everyday life. Famous examples include *Atomic Habits* by James Clear and *Man's Search for Meaning* by Viktor E. Frankl.

The mechanism of a self-help book often involves a unique writing style. Unlike traditional psychology or psychotherapy texts, which use an impersonal and objective mode, self-help books often utilize first-person involvement. This approach can create a sense of a conversion experience for the reader. The prose often adopts a tone similar to self-help support groups. This tone offers horizontal peer-support and validation to the reader. However, the transition from a group setting to an individual reader changes the experience. Over the last thirty years of the twentieth century, the meaning of "self-help" shifted toward a largely individual undertaking.

Various types and stages of guidance have existed throughout history. In the Bronze Age, informal and formal guides to everyday behavior were already present. Ancient Egyptian "Codes" of conduct offered moral instructions. For example, one text warned against being like a "broken rudder" or performing acrobatics on walls. During the Islamic Golden Age, scholars like Al-Ghazali wrote books of counsel. One example is *Ay farzand* (O son!), written for a student. Another key work was *Disciplining the Soul*, found within *The Revival of the Religious Sciences*.

Classical antiquity also provided many early examples of the genre. In Rome, Cicero wrote *On Friendship* and *On Duties* as handbooks for readers. The poet Ovid wrote *The Art of Love* and *Remedy of Love*. *The Art of Love* dealt with practical social problems, such as how to start a conversation. It also offered advice on being sociable. *Remedy of Love* provided instructions on how to fall out of love. During the Middle Ages, the genre was personified by *Conduir-amour*, which served as a guide in love matters.

The Renaissance period saw a connection to the concept of "self-fashioning." This era produced a flood of educational and self-help materials. In 1558, Giovanni della Casa published a book of manners. He noted that smelling another person's food or wine was an unpleasant habit. By the 20th century, the genre reached new heights of popularity. In 1936, Dale Carnegie published *How to Win Friends and Influence People*. This book became one of the best-selling books of all time and helped shape the modern genre.

Statistical data shows the significant growth of this market. Between 1972 and 2000, the number of self-help books in print increased significantly. They rose from 1.1 percent to 2.4 percent of the total number of books in print. This expansion moved the genre from a niche market to widespread adoption. Many celebrities have also entered the market. Notable names include Oprah Winfrey, Tony Robbins, and Deepak Chopra. Others include Jennifer Love Hewitt, Elizabeth Taylor, Wayne Dyer, and Cher.

Self-help also appears in literature as a fictional concept. Stephen Potter wrote "Upmanship" books, which were satirical takes on status-seeking. In the book *Bridget Jones's Diary*, the character Bridget Jones uses self-help books. Some observers describe this as a "secularised religion" or "moral values lite." She struggles to integrate conflicting instructions from books like *Women Who Love Too Much* and *Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus*. Other authors, like Jasper Fforde, use the idea of "Dubious Lifestyle Advice" to explore invented problems. This shows how the genre connects to broader cultural discussions about identity and social status.

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