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String instrument

arts Maturity 11-13 Next article →

String instruments, known scientifically as chordophones, are musical tools that produce sound through vibrating strings.

Chordophone (Cordophone)
Chordophone (Cordophone)

A performer creates these vibrations by strumming, plucking, striking, or bowing the strings. Musicians use many different techniques to achieve these sounds. Some players use their fingers or a small pick called a plectrum to pluck strings. Others use a bow made of rosined horsehair to rub against them. Some keyboard instruments, like the harpsichord, use a mechanism to pluck the strings automatically. Even striking the strings with a light wooden hammer can produce music. These varied methods allow for a massive range of tones and rhythms.

To make the sound audible, most chordophones use a resonator.

DuplexScaling
DuplexScaling

When a string vibrates, the energy travels into the body of the instrument. This body is often a hollow chamber filled with air. The vibration of the body and the air inside makes the sound much louder. This process is called sound projection. However, some instruments do not use a hollow body for this purpose. For example, the electric guitar often has a solid wood body. These instruments rely on electronic amplification rather than a hollow chamber to reach the audience.

Musicologists use the Hornbostel–Sachs scheme to classify these instruments. This system divides chordophones into two main groups based on their resonators. Group 31, or "simple" chordophones, lack an integral resonator. Group 32, or "composite" chordophones, include a built-in resonator. Most Western instruments fall into the composite group. The piano and harpsichord are unique because they are classified as simple. This is because their strings and actions could be removed from the casing without destroying the instrument. In contrast, a violin requires its resonator box to maintain string tension.

Within the Hornbostel–Sachs system, Curt Sachs identified four basic subcategories. These are zithers, lutes, lyres, and harps. Zithers include instruments like the piano, dulcimer, and various tube or board models. Lutes are defined by having a neck that stretches the strings beyond the body. This family includes the guitar, the oud, and the sitar. Lyres feature two arms connected by a crossbar called a yoke. Harps are distinct because their strings stand vertical to the soundboard.

StringInstruMAPDF
StringInstruMAPDF

Each category offers a unique way to organize and play strings.

History shows that string instruments have evolved over many millennia.

Dinastia tang, coppia di musici a cavallo, VIII-IX secolo ca. 02
Dinastia tang, coppia di musici a cavallo, VIII-IX secolo ca. 02

A cave painting in France depicts what may be a musical bow. Theorists suggest that adding more strings to these bows led to harps and lyres. This allowed musicians to play chords instead of single notes. Archaeological finds in Mesopotamia include the lyres of Ur, which are over 3,000 years old. In Vietnam, researchers found a 2,000-year-old instrument made from deer antler. Ancient Indian instruments from 500 BC featured between 7 and 21 strings. These early developments laid the foundation for modern musical complexity.

Technological shifts in the 20th century revolutionized how strings are heard.

Viol, fidel and rebec
Viol, fidel and rebec

In the 1920s, electric violins became common in American jazz. The acoustic guitar was useful for rhythm but lacked the volume for soloing in big bands. The invention of the guitar amplifier solved this problem. Amplifiers use a power amplifier and a loudspeaker to boost the sound. The electric guitar was specifically built to connect to these devices using magnetic pickups. By the 1960s, musicians used powerful amplifiers called "stacks" to play in large stadiums.

Ottoman musical string instrument at the Debbane Palace museum
Ottoman musical string instrument at the Debbane Palace museum

These tools allowed the electric guitar to become a centerpiece of rock music.

Modern musicians also use electronic effects to change their sound. During the 1960s and 1970s, small devices called stompbox pedals became popular. These include tools like fuzz pedals, flangers, and phasers. These effects allow for the unique sounds found in psychedelic rock. The power of distorted electric guitars also helped create heavy metal music. Today, string instruments connect many different musical worlds. They range from traditional classical orchestras to modern electronic and rock performances. This continuous innovation keeps the chordophone a vital part of global culture.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:StringInstruMAPDF.JPG
StringInstruMAPDF.JPG
File:Viol, fidel and rebec.jpg
Viol, fidel and rebec.jpg
File:Dinastia tang, coppia di musici a cavallo, VIII-IX secolo ca. 02.jpg
Dinastia tang, coppia di musici a...
File:Proportional string fingering.png
Proportional string fingering.png
File:DuplexScaling.jpg
DuplexScaling.jpg
File:Ottoman musical string instrument at the Debbane Palace museum.jpg
Ottoman musical string instrument at the...
File:Chordophone (Cordophone).jpg
Chordophone (Cordophone).jpg
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