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Spiny lobster

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Spiny lobsters are marine decapod crustaceans belonging to the family Palinuridae. They are often called langustas, langoustes, or rock lobsters. In regions like Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the Bahamas, they are also known as crayfish or sea crayfish.

Jasus edwardsii
Jasus edwardsii

These animals are biologically distinct from true lobsters. While they share a similar shape and a hard exoskeleton, they belong to different groups. Spiny lobsters are part of the clade Reptantia. They are closely related to slipper lobsters, which belong to the family Scyllaridae. Together, these families form a group called Achelata.

Pesca de Langosta con Nasa en Los Roques, Venezuela
Pesca de Langosta con Nasa en Los Roques, Venezuela

You can tell a spiny lobster apart from a true lobster by looking at its body parts. Spiny lobsters have very long, thick, and spiny antennae. They lack chelae, which are claws, on their first four pairs of walking legs. However, most female species have a small claw on their fifth pair. True lobsters have much smaller antennae and large claws on their first three pairs of legs. The spiny lobster's carapace, or hard shell, is slightly compressed and lacks lateral ridges. Their antennae also lack a scaphocerite, which is a flattened part of the antenna. Instead, the flagellum at the top of the antenna is stout, tapering, and very long.

There are 12 recognized genera of spiny lobsters, containing about 60 living species. These include genera such as Palinurus, Panulirus, and Linuparus. The name Palinurus comes from the Italian port of Palinuro. This town was known for harvesting the European spiny lobster during ancient Roman times. The town itself was named after Palinurus, a legendary helmsman in Virgil's epic poem, the Æneid. Scientists have identified many specific genera over time. For example, Jasus was named by Parker in 1883, and Panulirus was named by White in 1847.

Jasus edwardsii
Jasus edwardsii

The history of these creatures extends far back into the fossil record. In 1995, workers from the National Autonomous University of Mexico discovered a fossil near El Espiñal in Chiapas, Mexico. This fossil, named Palinurus palaecosi, is 110 million years old. It is considered very close to members of the genus Palinurus that live near Africa today. This discovery helps scientists understand how these marine animals have changed over millions of years. It shows that the lineage of spiny lobsters is quite ancient.

Spiny lobsters live in almost all warm seas, including the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. They are especially common in Australasia and South Africa. They typically hide in the crevices of rocks and coral reefs. At night, they venture out to eat snails, clams, crabs, and sea urchins.

Pesca de Langosta con Nasa en Los Roques, Venezuela
Pesca de Langosta con Nasa en Los Roques, Venezuela

They are very social animals and often move in massive groups. These migrations can form long files across the sea floor that are more than 50 lobsters long. To stay together, they use their long antennae to maintain physical contact. They navigate using smell, taste, and even the Earth's magnetic field.

One of the most amazing things about spiny lobsters is how they make sound. They possess a unique acoustic mechanism to scare away predators. They rub a part of their antennae called a plectrum against a smooth part of the exoskeleton called a file. This creates a loud, rasping sound through frictional vibrations. This process is similar to rubber sliding against a hard surface. This method is unique in the animal kingdom because it does not rely on a hard shell. This means they can still make noise even after a moult, when their new shell is soft and they are vulnerable.

Pesca de Langosta con Nasa en Los Roques, Venezuela
Pesca de Langosta con Nasa en Los Roques, Venezuela

Spiny lobsters are also a major part of the global economy as a food source. In the Bahamas, they are the largest food export. Their meat has a different profile than true lobsters. Spiny lobster meat is often described as sweet, delicate, and low in fat. It is frequently used in Asian cuisine, such as in sashimi or light steaming. In contrast, Maine lobsters are known for a richer, more robust taste and a firmer texture. Because spiny lobsters lack large claws, they offer a different culinary experience than the buttery meat found in true lobsters.

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File:Jasus edwardsii.jpg
Jasus edwardsii.jpg
File:Pesca de Langosta con Nasa en Los Roques, Venezuela.jpg
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