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Shovel

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A shovel is a versatile hand tool designed for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials.

Skovl
Skovl

People use them to handle substances like soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. Most manual shovels consist of a broad blade attached to a medium-length handle. While the term also applies to large excavating machines called power shovels, most people think of the handheld version. These tools are essential in many fields, including agriculture and archaeology. In archaeology, shovels help experts locate and excavate subsurface dirt to find historical artifacts.

The mechanism of a hand shovel relies on the strength of its materials.

Kolskyffel i metall
Kolskyffel i metall

The blades are usually manufactured from sheet steel or very hard plastics to ensure they are strong. When steel is used, the blade often features a folded seam or hem at the back. This fold creates a socket for the handle to fit into securely. This design choice also provides extra rigidity, which helps the blade resist bending. The handles are typically made of wood, such as ash or maple, or glass-reinforced plastic, also known as fiberglass. To improve control, a T-piece is often fitted to the end of the handle. This allows the user to maintain a firm grip when moving heavy or dense materials.

Shovels come in many specialized types tailored to specific tasks.

Grain shovels, Eling Tide Mill
Grain shovels, Eling Tide Mill

A coal shovel usually features a wide, flat blade with steeply turned sides and a short D-shaped handle. For snow removal, snow shovels often have very wide, sideless blades that curve upward. Some snow tools, called snow scoop sleigh shovels, are large, deep, hopper-like implements. These are designed to scoop up snow and slide it away without the need for heavy lifting.

Schneewanne01
Schneewanne01

For moving light, loose materials, grain shovels use large aluminum or plastic blades. There are also spoon shovels, which have small, oval, cupped blades for digging deep, narrow holes.

Spoon MET sf97-2-126s1
Spoon MET sf97-2-126s1

Specialized tools like roofing shovels are used to pry off old shingles during repairs.

Humanity has used digging tools since the Neolithic age. In those early times, people often used the scapula, or shoulder blade, of large animals as crude shovels. The development of purpose-built shovels was a groundbreaking advancement for farming and construction. For a long time, manual shoveling was the primary method for excavation in many industries. This included mining, quarrying, and loading railroad cars or cargo holds with ore and grain. Until the 1950s, manual labor was a massive part of these industries. Large groups of workers, known as labor gangs, were assigned to handle digging tasks. These gangs could consist of dozens or even hundreds of workers performing rapid excavation.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the efficiency of this work became a scientific study. Frederick Winslow Taylor, a developer of scientific management, took a deep interest in the "science of shoveling."

Fotothek df pk 0000135 028
Fotothek df pk 0000135 028

He used time and motion studies to analyze the specific movements of manual laborers. Taylor realized that using the same shovel for different materials was inefficient. Between the 1890s and 1910s, he and his colleagues expanded the idea of using varied shovel designs. They argued that the size of the scoop should be based on the density of the material being moved. For example, one should not use the same shovel for brown coal and gravel. Taylor believed that the increased productivity would offset the cost of owning multiple specialized shovels.

The transition from manual labor to mechanization changed the industrial landscape. During the Second Industrial Revolution around 1900, heavy equipment like crawler excavators became available.

Aa shovel01
Aa shovel01

In 1908, the British manufactured entrenching tools, which were later used by Germans during World War I and World War II.

Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection Q31239
Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection Q31239

Today, much of the work once done by labor gangs is performed by powered machines. Modern equipment includes front-end loaders and excavators. Some tractors even feature a loading bucket on one end and a backhoe on the other. While these machines descend from steam shovels, they are classified differently than standard shovels. However, they still serve the fundamental purpose of moving bulk materials efficiently.

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🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:Skovl.jpg
Skovl.jpg
File:Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection Q31239.jpg
Ministry of Information First World War...
File:Fotothek df pk 0000135 028.jpg
Fotothek df pk 0000135 028.jpg
File:Kolskyffel i metall.jpg
Kolskyffel i metall.jpg
File:Shovelling Snow, USAF.jpg
Shovelling Snow, USAF.jpg
File:Schneewanne01.jpg
Schneewanne01.jpg
File:Grain shovels, Eling Tide Mill.jpg
Grain shovels, Eling Tide Mill.jpg
File:Spoon MET sf97-2-126s1.jpg
Spoon MET sf97-2-126s1.jpg
File:Roofing felt.jpg
Roofing felt.jpg
File:Aa shovel01.jpg
Aa shovel01.jpg
File:Drain spade 002.png
Drain spade 002.png
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