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Sheep farming

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Sheep farming, also known as sheep husbandry, is the practice of raising and breeding domestic sheep.

Ovejas en Patagonia - Argentina
Ovejas en Patagonia - Argentina

This branch of animal husbandry provides many essential resources for human society. Farmers raise sheep primarily for their meat, which is categorized as lamb or mutton. They also provide sheep's milk and fiber, commonly known as wool. Other useful products include sheepskin and parchment. Because sheep are adaptable, they can live in many different temperate climates. This includes arid zones near the equator and other torrid zones.

Managing a sheep farm requires specific infrastructure and careful daily operations. Farmers must construct fences, housing, and specialized shearing sheds on their property. They also need facilities for water, feed, transport, and pest control. Most sheep graze on pastures to find food. This grazing is often managed by a shepherd or a sheep dog. While sheep primarily eat pasture roughage, farmers sometimes provide supplemental feed. This extra food might include corn or hay grown in the farmer's own fields.

Sheep feeding and farm management (Page 93) BHL21743784
Sheep feeding and farm management (Page 93) BHL21743784

The reproductive cycle of sheep involves several different strategies for farmers. A female adult sheep is called a ewe. When a ewe shows signs of estrus, which is a state of heat, farmers organize mating with males. Some farmers use artificial insemination to manage this process. Lambing, or the birth of lambs, can happen in the fall, winter, or spring. Spring lambing matches natural seasons but often requires extra feed. Winter lambing allows lambs to grow quickly in fertile spring pastures. However, this carries a risk where roughly one in four lambs may die from cold or disease.

Traditional Otztaler sheep with 2 newborn lambs - panoramio
Traditional Otztaler sheep with 2 newborn lambs - panoramio

Some farmers use "accelerated lambing" to produce lambs every 6 to 8 months.

Once lambs are born, they often undergo a process called lamb marking. This helps farmers identify individual animals easily. Marking methods include attaching numbered ear tags or applying earmarks. Farmers also perform tail docking to reduce the risk of flystrike. Flystrike is a condition where waste collects around the buttocks. This is especially important for the Merino breed. Merinos make up about 80% of Australia's wool production. They have been bred to have wrinkled skin, which produces more wool but makes them more prone to flystrike.

To prevent this, lambs may undergo mulesing, which involves cutting skin near the tail.

Other management tasks include castration and shearing. Castration is often performed on male lambs, known as ram lambs, that are not intended for breeding. One common method is elastration, where a rubber band is placed around the scrotum to stop blood supply. Shearing is the process of removing wool, which usually happens annually in a shearing shed. Ewes are often shorn just before they give birth. In Australia, shearers are paid by the number of sheep they shear rather than by the hour. This can sometimes lead to speed being prioritized over precision. Farmers also practice crutching, which is removing wool from the face and buttocks for hygiene.

Sheep farming is a massive global industry with significant statistics. According to the FAOSTAT database, approximately 540 million sheep are slaughtered for meat every year. In 2013, the world's sheep population was heavily concentrated in specific regions. Asia held 44% of the sheep, while Africa held 28.2%. Europe held 11.2%, Oceania held 9.1%, and the Americas held 7.4%. In 2013, mainland China had the largest number of sheep at 175 million. Australia followed with 75.5 million, and India had 53.8 million. The United States has seen a large decline in sheep numbers. In 1884, the U.S. had 51 million sheep, but that number fell to almost 6 million recently.

This industry connects to various environmental and technological fields. Some researchers, like George Monbiot, have criticized sheep farming for its ecological impact on land. However, new methods like agrivoltaics are changing how land is used. Agrivoltaics involves grazing sheep under solar panels. In the United States, more than 100,000 sheep graze at solar arrays, mostly in the South. This allows the land to produce both energy and food. Eventually, when sheep are no longer profitable for wool, they are sent to slaughter. Lambs are typically raised for meat between 4 and 12 months of age.

Agneaux-chaine-abattage-abattoir-mauleon-04
Agneaux-chaine-abattage-abattoir-mauleon-04
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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Ovejas en Patagonia - Argentina.jpg
Ovejas en Patagonia - Argentina.jpg
File:Sheep farming in Namibia (2017).jpg
Sheep farming in Namibia (2017).jpg
File:Traditional Otztaler sheep with 2 newborn lambs - panoramio.jpg
Traditional Otztaler sheep with 2 newborn...
File:Sheep feeding and farm management (Page 93) BHL21743784.jpg
Sheep feeding and farm management (Page...
File:Agneaux-chaine-abattage-abattoir-mauleon-04.jpg
Agneaux-chaine-abattage-abattoir-mauleon-04.jpg
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