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Grazing

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Grazing is a fundamental method of animal husbandry used to raise domestic livestock. In this system, animals are allowed to roam outdoors to consume wild vegetation. This process allows animals to convert cellulose into useful products. Cellulose is a material found in grass and other forages that humans cannot digest. Through grazing, animals turn this plant matter into meat, milk, wool, and other goods.

Nordrhein-Westfalen weidende Milchkühe
Nordrhein-Westfalen weidende Milchkühe

Farmers use various management strategies to ensure high production and land health. Continuous grazing allows livestock access to the same area throughout the entire year.

Grazing, continuous
Grazing, continuous

Seasonal grazing involves using a specific area for only part of the year. This allows the land to rest and new forage to grow. Rotational grazing divides the range into several pastures. Farmers move animals through these pastures in a specific sequence. This method provides rest periods for new plant growth.

Grazing, rotational
Grazing, rotational

Other specialized systems offer even more specific ways to manage the land. Ley farming alternates between growing fodder crops and arable crops. Rest rotation divides the range into at least four pastures. One pasture remains rested for the entire year while others are grazed. Deferred rotation uses at least two pastures. In this system, one pasture is not grazed until after the plants have set their seeds. Patch-burn grazing involves burning one-third of a pasture each year. This attracts grazers to the fresh grass that grows after the fire.

Grazing effect
Grazing effect

Humanity has practiced pastoralism since the very beginning of agriculture. Sheep and goats were domesticated by nomads before permanent settlements existed around 7000 BC. Cattle and pigs were domesticated later, around 7000 BC, once people lived in fixed settlements.

Fat tailed sheep, Afghanistan, 1976
Fat tailed sheep, Afghanistan, 1976

In the Eurasian steppe, nomads moved herds of sheep and horses between different pasture regions. This way of life supported many nomadic empires throughout history. In the United States, livestock have grazed on public land since the Civil War. Later, the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 was enacted to regulate these public lands.

Grazing plays a massive role in the global economy and food supply. The Food and Agriculture Organization reports that grazing systems cover about 60% of the world's grassland. This represents just less than half of the world's usable surface. These systems supply about 9% of the world's beef production. They also provide about 30% of the world's sheep and goat meat. For roughly 100 million people in arid zones, grazing is the only possible livelihood.

Effective management is necessary to prevent several serious health and environmental issues. Managers must protect the quality of the pasturage against deterioration from overgrazing. They also protect animals from acute threats like grass tetany or nitrate poisoning. Horses can suffer from grass sickness or laminitis. Calves may experience milk sickness. In England and Wales, common lands have strictly defined rights of pasture. These rights specify the exact number and type of animals allowed. For example, a person might be allowed fifteen cattle and fifty geese. If the land is overgrazed, authorities may 'stint' the common by limiting animal numbers.

Grazing can have both positive and negative impacts on the ecosystem. Negative effects include deforestation, soil degradation, and the extinction of native wildlife. Overgrazing can also lead to desertification and the pollution of rivers. However, well-managed grazing can reverse damage and improve the land. Animals can redistribute nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus through their waste. They can also help control fires by removing excess biomass. Conservation grazing uses hardy, rare breeds to improve biodiversity.

Conservation Grazing Highland Cattle on the Wetland Centre Grazing Marsh
Conservation Grazing Highland Cattle on the Wetland Centre Grazing Marsh

This helps re-establish traditional meadows and maintain ecological balance.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Nordrhein-Westfalen weidende Milchkühe.JPG
Nordrhein-Westfalen weidende Milchkühe.JPG
File:Fat tailed sheep, Afghanistan, 1976.jpg
Fat tailed sheep, Afghanistan, 1976.jpg
File:Grazing_effect.jpg
Grazing_effect.jpg
File:Maasai man with cattle.jpg
Maasai man with cattle.jpg
File:Grazing, continuous.svg
Grazing, continuous.svg
File:Grazing, rotational.svg
Grazing, rotational.svg
File:Conservation Grazing Highland Cattle on the Wetland Centre Grazing Marsh.jpg
Conservation Grazing Highland Cattle on...
File:Cattle at Velika Planina, Slovenia.jpg
Cattle at Velika Planina, Slovenia.jpg
File:Old Norwegian Sheep at Prestøya, Brønnøy, Norway.JPG
Old Norwegian Sheep at Prestøya, Brønnøy,...
File:Solar array over grazing field.jpg
Solar array over grazing field.jpg
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