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Shaktism

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Shaktism is a major Hindu denomination centered on the worship of the divine feminine energy known as Shakti.

Adi Devi
Adi Devi

In this tradition, Shakti is revered as the Ultimate reality. She is personified as Adi Parashakti, or the Great Goddess. This supreme being is seen as the source, the embodiment, and the energy of the entire cosmos. Shaktas believe that everything in existence ultimately dissolves back into her. This belief system emphasizes an intense love for the deity. For many followers, this personal devotion is more important than simple obedience.

Lalita sm
Lalita sm

Theology in Shaktism explores the relationship between the divine and the material world. Shaktas view Shakti as the supreme, eternal reality, similar to the concept of Brahman in wider Hinduism. Some scholars describe this relationship through the idea that Brahman is static Shakti, while Shakti is dynamic Brahman. The tradition does not reject masculine concepts. Instead, it rejects dualisms like male-female or soul-body. Practitioners view masculine and feminine aspects as parts of a single, transcendent reality. This concept is often shown in Hindu iconography through Ardhanari. This deity is depicted as being half-Shiva and half-Shakti.

Ardhanarishvara statue, Bangkok
Ardhanarishvara statue, Bangkok

The goddess appears in many distinct forms, each with unique attributes and functions.

Statues of Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani and Camunda, National Museum, New Delhi
Statues of Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani and Camunda, National Museum, New Delhi

Durga is a prominent goddess who vanquishes evil to restore cosmic order. Parvati is a powerful yet gentle mother goddess associated with fertility and devotion. Kali represents the primal force of time and transformation. Other major goddesses include Saraswati, who governs knowledge and the arts, and Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity.

Kali lithograph
Kali lithograph

Shaktas often select a personal deity to worship, called an ishta-devi. This choice may depend on family traditions, regional practices, or personal resonance.

There are several organized groups of goddesses within the Shaktism pantheon. Following the decline of Buddhism in India, elements of Hindu and Buddhist goddess worship merged. This led to the emergence of the Mahavidya, a group of ten fierce and esoteric goddesses. These include figures like Tripura Sundari, Bhamavi, and Kamala. Other groups include the Sapta-Matrika, or Seven Mothers. These goddesses act as energies of major gods to assist the supreme Devi in battles.

Additionally, many communities honor Gramadevata, which are local village guardian deities. The eight forms of Lakshmi and nine forms of Durga are also central to specific festivals.

The history of Shakti worship reaches back into deep antiquity.

The Goddess Worshiped by Rishi Chyavana
The Goddess Worshiped by Rishi Chyavana

Archaeological evidence includes a possible Upper Paleolithic shrine at Baghor I in Madhya Pradesh. This site was dated to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC. Some researchers also trace these origins to the Indus Valley Civilisation. Early Vedic literature, such as the Rig Veda, mentions various goddesses like Ushas and Sarasvati. By the third or fourth century CE, textual evidence suggests the goddess had become as prominent as God. The Devi Mahatmya is a crucial text that helped establish the focus on female transcendence. It is considered as important as the Bhagavad Gita in Shaktism.

Scriptures provide the essential framework for Shakta belief and practice.

Sri Yantra Correct Colors Johari 1974
Sri Yantra Correct Colors Johari 1974

These include the Shakta Upanishads and various Puranas, such as the Devi-Bhagavata Purana and the Kalika Purana. The Devi Gita, found in the Srimad Devi-Bhagavatam, is a significant philosophical treatise. It describes the goddess as a cosmic energy residing within every individual. It also teaches that spiritual liberation comes from understanding the identity of one's soul with Brahman. The Tripura Upanishad serves as a complete introduction to Shakta Tantrism. These texts help followers navigate the complex relationship between the self and the divine.

Shaktism includes various subtraditions, most notably Tantra. Tantric practices involve specific techniques like mantra, yantra, and mudra. These are typically practiced under the guidance of a qualified guru after an initiation called diksha. There has been historical debate regarding whether these Tantric roots are Vedic or non-Vedic. Some scholars suggest Tantra developed as a way to cope with political instability in the 14th century. Today, Shaktism remains a massive global force. In 2020, the World Religion Database estimated there are about 305 million Shaktas. This makes it the third-largest Hindu denomination. It continues to influence other major traditions like Vaishnavism and Shaivism.

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🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Statues of Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani and Camunda, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg
Statues of Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani and...
File:Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg
Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg
File:The Goddess Worshiped by Rishi Chyavana.jpeg
The Goddess Worshiped by Rishi Chyavana.jpeg
File:Adi Devi.jpg
Adi Devi.jpg
File:Lalita sm.JPG
Lalita sm.JPG
File:Sri Yantra Correct Colors Johari 1974.jpg
Sri Yantra Correct Colors Johari 1974.jpg
File:Indian - Kali as the Supreme Deity - Walters W897.jpg
Indian - Kali as the Supreme Deity -...
File:Kali_lithograph.jpg
Kali_lithograph.jpg
File:India Meenakshi Temple.jpg
India Meenakshi Temple.jpg
File:1849 engraving of "the Hindoo Goddess Karle".JPG
1849 engraving of "the Hindoo Goddess Karle".JPG
File:Ardhanarishvara statue, Bangkok.jpg
Ardhanarishvara statue, Bangkok.jpg
File:India settentrionale, saptamatrika, X sec.JPG
India settentrionale, saptamatrika, X sec.JPG
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