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Hindu mythology

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Hindu mythology consists of a massive collection of sacred narratives and traditions.

Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology
Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology

These stories are not merely folklore or simple tales. For many practitioners, these myths represent history and tradition preserved in literary form. They are found in diverse sacred texts including the Vedas and the Puranas. They also appear in the Itihasas, which are the great epics known as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Regional texts like the Bengali Mangal-Kavya and Tamil literature also contain these important narratives. These stories provide profound insights into the core values and beliefs of the Hindu tradition.

In an academic sense, myths often function as foundational tales. They explain a society's existence, its origins, and its world order. This includes narratives of creation, the connection between humanity and the divine, and eschatology. Eschatology refers to the study of what happens at the end of time or in the afterlife. Hindu cosmology offers many specific descriptions for these concepts. For example, creation may emerge from a golden egg called Hiranyagarbha. The universe also includes different realms like Satyaloka, the abode of Brahma, and Vaikuntha, the home of Vishnu.

Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva seated on lotuses with their consorts, ca1770
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva seated on lotuses with their consorts, ca1770

The development of these myths occurred across several distinct historical stages. Some researchers, such as Joseph Campbell, suggest traces exist in the Indus Valley Civilisation from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This era featured motifs like mother goddesses and nature spirits. Around 1500 BCE, the Vedic period began with the composition of the Vedas. This period introduced a pantheon including Indra, the chief god, and Agni, the god of fire. Later, the Upanishad period (900–600 BCE) brought significant religious reforms. This era saw the rise of both mystical views of a single divine reality and devotional practices focused on specific deities.

Between 400 BCE and 400 CE, the Epic Period saw the compilation of India's great epics. These texts emphasized divine action on Earth through incarnations. The Mahabharata even included important appendices like the Bhagavad Gita and the Harivamsa. Following this, the Puranic Period, or the Hindu Middle Ages, lasted from roughly 300 to 1800 CE. This era was marked by the rise of sectarianism. Followers began to organize around specific cults of Vishnu, Shiva, or Devi. While many gods were celebrated, there was also a growing belief in monotheism. This is the idea that all paths lead to the Ultimate Reality known as Brahman.

Central to much of this mythology is the concept of the Trimurti. This refers to the three primary deities who represent different cosmic functions. Brahma is the god of creation and resides in Satyaloka. Vishnu is the god of preservation and dwells in Vaikuntha.

Matsya Avatar, ca 1870
Matsya Avatar, ca 1870

Shiva is the god of destruction and lives in Kailasa.

1150 CE Hoysaleswara temple Halebidu Karnataka, Gajasurasamhara Shiva
1150 CE Hoysaleswara temple Halebidu Karnataka, Gajasurasamhara Shiva

Vishnu is often depicted through his Dashavatara, which are ten different incarnations. Notable incarnations include Rama and Krishna.

These figures act within the world to maintain cosmic order.

Different traditions focus on different divine aspects. Vaishnavism is centered on the god Vishnu, while Shaivism focuses on Shiva. Shaktism is a tradition centered on the Goddess, or Devi. The mythology of the Tantric period (900–1600 CE) enriched these traditions. It emphasized the shakti, or cosmic energy, of goddesses. This period also introduced themes of pursuit of pleasure and blood sacrifice. These stories differed from the epic traditions, which often favored asceticism and duty. These diverse paths all exist within the broader Hindu religious framework.

Today, these mythologies remain a vital part of the cultural whole. The dominant traditions of Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism continue to prevail. Modern mythologies have even been used to integrate different groups into the reconstructed Hindu community. These ancient themes share connections with other belief systems like Buddhism and Jainism. The myths continue to be interpreted by various philosophical schools. They are often seen as having deep, symbolic meanings that go beyond the literal stories. This allows the traditions to remain relevant across different eras and regions.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva seated on lotuses with their consorts, ca1770.jpg
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva seated on...
File:Krishna and Rukmini as Groom and Bride in a Celestial Chariot Driven by Ganesha LACMA M.74.13.jpg
Krishna and Rukmini as Groom and Bride in...
File:1150 CE Hoysaleswara temple Halebidu Karnataka, Gajasurasamhara Shiva.jpg
1150 CE Hoysaleswara temple Halebidu...
File:Matsya Avatar, ca 1870.jpg
Matsya Avatar, ca 1870.jpg
File:Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology.jpg
Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology.jpg
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