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Parvati

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Parvati is a principal goddess in the Hindu religion.

WLA lacma Hindu Goddess Parvati Orissa
WLA lacma Hindu Goddess Parvati Orissa

She is revered for many qualities. These include power, energy, nourishment, harmony, love, beauty, devotion, and motherhood. Along with the goddesses Lakshmi and Sarasvati, she forms a trinity known as the Tridevi. This group represents a central part of Hindu belief systems. Parvati is often seen as the personification of the creative force that sustains the entire cosmos.

In Hindu philosophy, Parvati is identified as the shakti of the god Shiva. Shakti refers to divine energy or power. This concept suggests that Parvati is the essential force that energizes Shiva. Without her presence, Shiva is considered incomplete. She represents a life-affirming force. This force complements Shiva's austere and world-denying nature. Together, they balance the two poles of asceticism and householder life.

Uma Maheshvara, central India, probably late 1000s to 1100s AD, buff sandstone - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC05053
Uma Maheshvara, central India, probably late 1000s to 1100s AD, buff sandstone - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC05053

Parvati's mythological identity is closely tied to her role as a wife and mother. She is primarily depicted as the consort of Shiva. She is also the mother of two prominent deities: Ganesha and Kartikeya.

Family of Shiva
Family of Shiva

In many stories, Parvati is the reincarnation of Sati. Sati was Shiva's first wife. According to the Puranas, Sati relinquished her body to sever ties with her father, Daksha, after he insulted Shiva. Parvati's birth to the mountain lord Himavan and his wife Mena was a cosmic event. This birth was meant to lure Shiva out of his ascetic withdrawal. It brought him back into the realm of marriage and household life.

Because of her many roles, Parvati is associated with several other goddesses. Many followers treat her as one and the same with Sati, Uma, Kali, and Durga. In the goddess-oriented sect of Shaktism, she is a benevolent aspect of Mahadevi, the supreme deity. She is also linked to the ten Mahavidyas and the Navadurgas.

Ellora-caves-1
Ellora-caves-1

Her stories often overlap with these other divine figures. This shows how complex and interconnected Hindu goddess traditions can be.

The history of Parvati shows her evolution through different eras. Her first appearances as a goddess occurred during the epic period from 400 BCE to 400 CE. During this time, the Ramayana and Mahabharata presented her as Shiva's wife. The name Parvati does not appear explicitly in Vedic literature. Instead, names like Ambika and Rudrani appear in the Rigveda. The Kena Upanishad, dating to the mid-1st millennium BCE, mentions a goddess named Uma-Haimavati.

Huvishka with Ommo and Oesho
Huvishka with Ommo and Oesho

It was not until the plays of Kalidasa and the Puranas that her stories gained comprehensive detail. The earliest explicit use of the name Parvati is found in the late Hamsa Upanishad.

Parvati is known by hundreds of different names in Hindu literature. Her name is derived from the Sanskrit word 'parvata,' which means mountain. As the daughter of King Himavan, she is called 'she of the mountain.' Other names include Shailaja, Shailaputri, and Haimavati.

Gauri's procession commencing from the Zanani-Deodhi of the City Palace
Gauri's procession commencing from the Zanani-Deodhi of the City Palace

She is also called Gauri, which means 'the golden one.' This name often describes her as a calm and placid wife. However, she can also appear as the ferocious Kali. As Kali, she is the dark goddess who destroys evil and protects her devotees. This shows the dual nature of her character as both a nurturer and a protector.

Artists use specific iconography to represent Parvati in temples across South and Southeast Asia. She is often shown wearing a red sari. When she is alone, she may be depicted with four arms. These hands may hold items like a mirror, a bell, a lotus, or a sugarcane stalk. She often uses mudras, which are symbolic hand gestures. The Abhaya mudra means 'fear not' and offers protection. The Varada mudra represents the granting of wishes.

South Indian Temple Tamil1 (cropped)
South Indian Temple Tamil1 (cropped)

In some temples, Parvati and Shiva are symbolized by the yoni and the linga. This metaphor represents the origin and the regenerative power of life through the union of feminine and masculine energies.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Huvishka with Ommo and Oesho.jpg
Huvishka with Ommo and Oesho.jpg
File:WLA_lacma_Hindu_Goddess_Parvati_Orissa.jpg
WLA_lacma_Hindu_Goddess_Parvati_Orissa.jpg
File:Ellora-caves-1.jpg
Ellora-caves-1.jpg
File:Family of Shiva.JPG
Family of Shiva.JPG
File:Uma Maheshvara, central India, probably late 1000s to 1100s AD, buff sandstone - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC05053.jpg
Uma Maheshvara, central India, probably...
File:Gauri's procession commencing from the Zanani-Deodhi of the City Palace.jpg
Gauri's procession commencing from the...
File:Attributed to Khushala, Indian, active late 18th century - The Gods Sing and Dance for Shiva and Parvati - Google Art Project.jpg
Attributed to Khushala, Indian, active...
File:South Indian Temple Tamil1 (cropped).jpg
South Indian Temple Tamil1 (cropped).jpg
File:Batakaru6.JPG
Batakaru6.JPG
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