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Sabha, Libya

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Sabha is an oasis city located in southwestern Libya. It sits deep within the Sahara Desert, far south of the capital, Tripoli. The city serves as the capital of the Sabha District. Historically, it was the capital of the Fezzan region. It was also the center of the Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory.

سبها المدينة القديمة
سبها المدينة القديمة

Because it is an oasis, the area provides water in a dry land. Many irrigation canals run through the region. These canals carry fresh water to help crops grow in the desert.

The climate in Sabha is classified as a hot desert climate, known as Köppen BWh. This means the weather is very hot and dry. Summers are extremely hot, while winters are mild. However, the city experiences a high diurnal temperature variation. This means the temperature changes a lot between day and night. June is the hottest month of the year. January is the coldest month.

سبها المدينة القديمة
سبها المدينة القديمة

Rainfall is very rare in this region. Sabha receives just 2.9 precipitation days on average each year. July and August have no rain at all. October is the wettest month, but it only receives a tiny amount of rainfall. The air is also very dry. Humidity is low throughout the entire year. In April, humidity levels drop to just 22%.

Despite the dryness, the sun shines very brightly in Sabha. The city receives an average of 3526 hours of sunshine annually. July is the sunniest month, with an average of 375 hours. December and February receive the least sunshine, with 252 hours each. This abundant sunshine is a constant feature of the desert landscape. The intense heat and light define life in the oasis.

Sabha has a long and complex history. In ancient times, it was a major center for the Libyan caravan trade. This means traders used the city to move goods across the desert. The area has also been used for scientific and military testing. The nearby Sabha Oasis was a test site for OTRAG rockets. On March 1, 1981, an OTRAG rocket was launched from the area. From 1984 to 1991, the site was used by the Soviet Space program for remote testing. In 2004, the International Atomic Energy Agency linked the Sabha base to a nuclear weapons program. However, when forces searched the area in September 2011, they found no sign of such a program.

Political control of the city has changed many times. The former ruler of Libya, Muammar Gaddafi, grew up in Sabha. He received his secondary education there and began his political activism in the city. Following the Libyan Civil War, the city faced instability. In September 2011, anti-Gaddafi forces seized the city. Later, in January 2019, forces loyal to Khalifa Haftar and the Libyan National Army captured Sabha. By February 2019, these forces were patrolling the neighborhoods. However, in May 2020, local politicians switched their loyalty. They began supporting the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA). Currently, the city is under the control of pro-GNA municipal governments.

During periods of instability, there were reports of serious human rights issues. In 2017, the United Nations Migration Agency reported that Sabha had become a town for slave auctions. They stated that migrants from countries like Nigeria and Burkina Faso were being sold. Some reports suggested up to 1000 sales occurred each month for about US$325 per person. However, an investigation by the National Commission for Human Rights in Libya (NCHRL) found these reports were exaggerated. The NCHRL revealed that while illegal slavery existed, the auctions were not public and were actually quite rare.

Today, Sabha is a center for education and transport. It is home to Sabha University, which conducts field studies in the desert. The city is served by Sabha Airport, which was expanded in the late 1970s. South of the city lies the Sabha Air Base. This is a Libyan Air Force installation that houses multiple MiG-25 aircraft. There have also been plans for a long railway. This proposed line would connect Sabha to the port of Misrata to transport iron ore. One of the most famous landmarks is Fort Elena. This castle was built during the Italian colonial period and was once called Fortezza Margherita. It is so significant that it appears on the ten dinars banknote of Libya.

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