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Libya

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Libya, officially known as the State of Libya, is a large nation in North Africa.

Libya - Location Map (2013) - LBY - UNOCHA
Libya - Location Map (2013) - LBY - UNOCHA

It sits within the Maghreb region. The Mediterranean Sea forms its northern border. To the east, Libya meets Egypt. Sudan lies to the southeast. To the south, it borders Chad and Niger. Algeria is to the west. Tunisia is to the northwest.

Libya (centered orthographic projection)
Libya (centered orthographic projection)

Libya is a massive territory. It is the fourth-largest country in Africa and the Arab world. Globally, it ranks as the 16th-largest country. The nation also claims 32,000 square kilometres of territory in southeastern Algeria.

Libyan Dessert
Libyan Dessert

The geography of Libya is defined by its environment and resources. Much of the land is a dry desert.

Libyan Dessert
Libyan Dessert

The capital city is Tripoli. It is located in the northwest. Tripoli holds over one million people. This is a large portion of Libya's seven million residents. The country has significant natural wealth. It possesses the 10th-largest proven oil reserves in the world. However, Libya faces environmental challenges. It has the highest level of greenhouse gas emissions per person in Africa. It is also one of the most water-stressed countries globally.

Water Stress, Top Countries (2020)
Water Stress, Top Countries (2020)

Libya's history began with ancient inhabitants. Berbers have lived in the area since the late Bronze Age. They descended from the Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures.

Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976
Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976

The name "Libya" itself has ancient roots. It first appeared in an inscription by Ramesses II. The name likely came from a large confederacy of ancient Berber tribes. These people lived near the lush regions of Cyrenaica and Marmarica. In the 5th century BC, the Phoenicians built trading posts along the coast. The Greeks also established several cities in the east. One famous example is the city of Cyrene.

Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976
Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976

Classical antiquity brought many different rulers to the region. The Carthaginians and Numidians held power at various times. The Persians and Greeks also ruled parts of the land. Eventually, the entire region became part of the Roman Empire. During this time, Libya was a center for Christianity. The city of Leptis Magna became very prosperous. It was even the home of the Severan dynasty.

Leptis Magna Arch of Septimus Severus
Leptis Magna Arch of Septimus Severus
Roman emperor Septimius Severus, 200-11; Altes Museum, Berlin (26307681078)
Roman emperor Septimius Severus, 200-11; Altes Museum, Berlin (26307681078)

After the Western Roman Empire fell, the Vandals occupied the area. In the 7th century, invasions brought Islam to the region. This led to many Arab migrations. These migrations changed the culture and language of the country.

Awjila (Libia) - The Mosque of Atiq
Awjila (Libia) - The Mosque of Atiq

Libya saw significant political shifts in more recent centuries. The Ottoman Empire ruled parts of Libya for a long time. In 1911, the Italo-Turkish War began. This war led to Italian occupation. Italy created two colonies: Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica. These were unified into the Italian Libya colony from 1934 to 1943.

Cartolina Giovanni Pastorelli
Cartolina Giovanni Pastorelli

Libya was also a site of warfare during World War II. After the war, the Italian population declined. Libya became an independent kingdom in 1951.

IdrisI3
IdrisI3

In 1969, a military coup led by Muammar Gaddafi overthrew King Idris I.

Gaddafi 1972
Gaddafi 1972

This event created a republic. Gaddafi ruled for 42 years. He was one of the world's longest-serving non-royal leaders.

The year 2011 brought major upheaval to the nation. A civil war broke out as part of the wider Arab Spring. This conflict led to the overthrow and death of Muammar Gaddafi.

Libyan Civil War
Libyan Civil War

Authority moved to the National Transitional Council. Later, it passed to the elected General National Congress. Since 2011, Libya has faced a political and humanitarian crisis. By 2014, two rival authorities claimed to govern the country. This caused a second civil war. One government sat in Tripoli. Another was based in Tobruk.

Libyan Civil War
Libyan Civil War

Various tribal and Islamist militias also held influence.

LE Eithne Operation Triton
LE Eithne Operation Triton

Today, Libya is navigating a complex political landscape. The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020. A unity government took charge to plan for democratic elections. However, political rivalries continue to cause delays. In March 2022, the House of Representatives stopped recognizing the unity government. They proclaimed the Government of National Stability (GNS) instead.

Libyan General Khalifa Haftar in 2023
Libyan General Khalifa Haftar in 2023

Both governments have functioned at the same time since then. This has resulted in a state of dual power. The international community still recognizes the unity government as the legitimate authority. Libya remains a member of many groups, including the United Nations and the African Union.

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🖼️ Images & Media (42)
Libya, Libya, Libya instrumental.ogg
File:Libya (centered orthographic projection).svg
Libya (centered orthographic projection).svg
File:Libya - Location Map (2013) - LBY - UNOCHA.svg
Libya - Location Map (2013) - LBY - UNOCHA.svg
File:Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976.jpg
Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976.jpg
File:Leptis Magna Arch of Septimus Severus.jpg
Leptis Magna Arch of Septimus Severus.jpg
File:Roman emperor Septimius Severus, 200-11; Altes Museum, Berlin (26307681078).jpg
Roman emperor Septimius Severus, 200-11;...
File:Awjila (Libia) - The Mosque of Atiq.jpg
Awjila (Libia) - The Mosque of Atiq.jpg
File:Capture of Tripoli by the Ottomans 1551.jpg
Capture of Tripoli by the Ottomans 1551.jpg
File:La città di Tripoli, capitale del regno dello stesso nome sulla costa di Barbaria, nell'Africa, 1766 – BEIC IE8943210.jpg
La città di Tripoli, capitale del regno...
File:Decatur Boarding the Tripolitan Gunboat.jpg
Decatur Boarding the Tripolitan Gunboat.jpg
File:Omar Mukhtar 13.jpg
Omar Mukhtar 13.jpg
File:Cartolina Giovanni Pastorelli.jpg
Cartolina Giovanni Pastorelli.jpg

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