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Rongorongo

language culture Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Rongorongo is a mysterious system of symbols found on Easter Island.

Rongo-rongo script
Rongo-rongo script

These marks look like a form of writing or proto-writing. To this day, no one has successfully read them. Some scholars have found bits of information about calendars or family histories. However, the actual meaning of the glyphs remains a secret. If this is a truly independent invention, it would be very rare. It would be one of only a few times humans invented writing on their own.

Rongorongo 067
Rongorongo 067

Making these objects required great skill and care. Most are wooden tablets shaped from irregular pieces of wood.

Because wood was hard to find, people used driftwood or scraps. Scribes used tools like shark teeth or sharp obsidian flakes to carve.

Rongorongo Gv4 (section)
Rongorongo Gv4 (section)

They often carved shallow channels called fluting into the wood first. Then, they incised the glyphs into these lines. Some people think students first practiced by carving into banana leaves. The veins in a leaf might have inspired the lines on the wood.

Red Banana leaf veins
Red Banana leaf veins

The history of these tablets is tied to the Rapa Nui people. The name Rongorongo comes from their language. It means "to recite, to declaim, or to chant out."

Rongo-rongo script
Rongo-rongo script

This suggests the marks were meant to be sung or spoken. Oral history says only a small group of elite people could read them. Some say the tablets were sacred objects. There are also different names for specific types of texts. For example, the "lines of years" were used for annals. The "lines of fishes" were actually lists of people lost in war.

Rongorongo rubbing of line 1 of Santiago staff
Rongorongo rubbing of line 1 of Santiago staff

Today, about two dozen of these wooden objects still exist.

Rongorongo G-r Small Santiago (raw)
Rongorongo G-r Small Santiago (raw)

They are not on Easter Island anymore. Instead, they are scattered in museums and private collections around the world. Each tablet has a special name, like the Mamari Tablet or the Santiago Staff. Some are made from Pacific rosewood, which was brought by early settlers. Others were made from wood that arrived later from Western boats. Some even used pieces of European or American oars.

Reading these tablets is a very unusual experience. They use a system called reverse boustrophedon.

Rongo-rongo script
Rongo-rongo script

This means the reader starts at the bottom left corner. You read one line from left to right. Then, you must rotate the tablet 180 degrees to read the next line. This makes the lines above and below look upside down. The glyphs themselves are small, about one centimeter high. They show outlines of humans, animals, plants, and geometric shapes. You might see birds that look like frigatebirds or shapes that look like fish.

Rongorongo 067
Rongorongo 067
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🖼️ Images & Media (14)
File:Rongorongo G-r Small Santiago (raw).jpg
Rongorongo G-r Small Santiago (raw).jpg
File:Rongorongo K-v London (edge).jpg
Rongorongo K-v London (edge).jpg
File:Red Banana leaf veins.jpg
Red Banana leaf veins.jpg
File:Rongo-rongo script.jpg
Rongo-rongo script.jpg
File:Rongorongo Gv4 (section).jpg
Rongorongo Gv4 (section).jpg
File:Rongorongo 067.svg
Rongorongo 067.svg
File:Rongo rongo expedición Haedo.jpg
Rongo rongo expedición Haedo.jpg
File:Anaokeke.jpg
Anaokeke.jpg
File:RR 211.42.png
RR 211.42.png
File:RR 680.gif
RR 680.gif
File:Rongorongo mo'ai pakapaka.png
Rongorongo mo'ai pakapaka.png
File:Barthel code.png
Barthel code.png

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