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Recurve bow

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A recurve bow is a specialized type of archery equipment defined by its unique limb shape. When the bow is unstrung, the limbs curve away from the archer.

Recurve bow 0020
Recurve bow 0020

This design allows the bow to store more energy than a straight-limbed bow. It also delivers that energy more efficiently to the arrow. Because of this efficiency, a recurve bow can be shorter than a straight bow while providing the same arrow speed. This shorter length was historically useful in dense brush, forests, or for archers riding on horseback.

Scythians shooting with bows Kertch antique Panticapeum Ukrainia 4th century BCE
Scythians shooting with bows Kertch antique Panticapeum Ukrainia 4th century BCE

The mechanism of a recurve bow relies on the interaction between its various components. The central, rigid section is called the riser. The upper and lower working parts are the limbs, which attach to the riser. When an archer pulls the string, the limbs bend and store potential energy. The string then transforms this stored energy into kinetic energy in the arrow upon release. Modern "take-down" bows allow the limbs to be detached from the riser for easier storage and transport. In contrast, some hunting bows remain one-piece designs to avoid noise at the limb pockets.

Recurve 08 fin EN
Recurve 08 fin EN

Modern recurve bows are categorized by their construction and intended use. The Olympic-style recurve is a development of the American flatbow, featuring rectangular limbs that taper toward the tips. Another type is the barebow, which uses a similar riser and limbs but lacks accessories like sights or stabilizers. Barebow archers use a different tuning, such as a negative tiller, because their anchor point is on the corner of the mouth. Additionally, the mass of a modern bow helps provide stability and accuracy during a shot.

Viktor Ruban
Viktor Ruban

History shows that recurve bows have been used by many diverse cultures for millennia. The bow spread to Egypt and much of Asia during the second millennium BC. Ancient written records, such as the eighth-century BC text in Psalm 78:57, mention recurved bows. Various groups used composite recurve bows, including the Persians, Parthians, Scythians, and Mongols. The Roman Empire also utilized composite recurve bows for its imperial archers. These Roman bows featured stiffening laths, known as siyah in Arabic or szarv in Hungarian, to form the recurved ends.

Composite construction was a vital historical advancement for these weapons. Many ancient groups, such as the Mongols and Turks, manufactured bows from laminates. For example, Mongol bows often featured a bamboo core with horn on the belly and sinew on the back. These parts were bound together using animal glue. A 2002 study by Hepworth and Smith showed that such traditional composite preparations could absorb 18 MJ/m3 of energy. This level of energy absorption is comparable to modern carbon fiber composites and spring steel. During the Middle Ages, these composite bows were preferred in drier climates. In wetter regions, archers often used all-wooden straight longbows because moisture could weaken the laminate glue.

Modern technology has introduced advanced materials to the sport of archery. Current Olympic recurve bows often feature limbs made of multiple layers of fiberglass, carbon, or wood. These layers are typically built around a core of carbon foam or wood. The risers are frequently constructed from aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, or carbon fiber. These synthetic materials allow for predictable and economic manufacturing. This consistency is essential for competitive performance at high levels.

Recurve 08 fin EN
Recurve 08 fin EN

To achieve high precision, archers use several specialized accessories. A bow sight helps the archer aim, while a clicker ensures the archer reaches the same draw length every time. A plunger button, also called a cushion plunger, helps compensate for the arrow's flex during acceleration. Stabilizers are weight-bearing rods that balance the bow and dampen vibrations. Archers also use a finger tab or thumb ring to protect their hands and improve the release. Even the distance between the grip and the string, known as the brace height, is carefully managed. Some call this distance the fistmele, referring to the length of a closed fist with an extended thumb.

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File:Viktor_Ruban.jpg
Viktor_Ruban.jpg
File:Scythians shooting with bows Kertch antique Panticapeum Ukrainia 4th century BCE.jpg
Scythians shooting with bows Kertch...
File:Recurve bow 0020.JPG
Recurve bow 0020.JPG
File:Recurve 08 fin EN.svg
Recurve 08 fin EN.svg
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