Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
💻

Arrow

technology Maturity 7-9 Next article →

An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile launched by a bow. It is a tool designed to fly through the air with precision and purpose.

arrow
arrow

Because they have been used by humans for thousands of years, arrows are found in almost every culture. The people who build these tools have specific names. A craftsman who makes the shafts is called a fletcher. A person who makes the arrowheads is known as an arrowsmith.

Two arrows
Two arrows

Every arrow consists of several specific components that work together. The shaft is the primary structural element. It is a long, straight body that holds all other parts.

DFRArrow
DFRArrow

At the front end, a weighted arrowhead is attached. Near the rear, multiple fin-like stabilizers called fletchings are mounted. Finally, a slot at the very back end is called a nock. This nock is used for engaging the bowstring during a shot.

The shaft is a critical part of the arrow's performance. Its stiffness is referred to as its spine. An arrow with more spine will bend less when it is compressed.

To hit a target consistently, a group of arrows must have similar spines. This is especially important for traditional bows. These bows are not "center-shot," meaning the arrow does not pass through the central axis of the bow riser. Instead, the arrow must deflect around the handle in a movement called the archer's paradox.

Shafts can be made from many different materials. Traditional shafts use lightweight wood, bamboo, or reeds. A premium traditional material is Port Orford Cedar. Modern shafts often use aluminium or carbon fiber reinforced plastic. Some even use a combination of materials, such as an aluminium core wrapped in carbon fiber. Some specialized designs include footed arrows. These use a short length of hardwood near the head and softwood for the rest of the shaft. This helps the arrow survive impact while remaining light.

Bow and Arrow
Bow and Arrow

The arrowhead, or projectile point, determines the arrow's specific function. Broadheads are used for hunting and feature two to four sharp blades. These blades are designed to cut major blood vessels to kill quickly. Hunters choose between fixed-blade broadheads, which remain rigid, and mechanical broadheads, which deploy blades upon contact.

Native American arrowheads
Native American arrowheads

Other points include bodkin points, which are short and rigid. While once thought to be for armor, they may have been designed for longer flight or cheaper production.

Warring States Bronze Arrowheads
Warring States Bronze Arrowheads

There are also blunts, which are unsharpened tips used for target shooting or small game.

Field points
Field points

History shows us how long humans have used this technology. The oldest evidence of likely arrowheads was found in Sibudu Cave, South Africa.

Arrowhead
Arrowhead

In Sri Lanka, bone arrowheads were found in the Fa Hien Cave. The oldest evidence of using bows to shoot arrows dates to about 10,000 years ago in the Ahrensburg valley. These pinewood arrows had shallow grooves at the base for the bowstring. The oldest recovered bow is 8,000 years old from the Holmegård swamp in Denmark. Archery arrived in the Americas about 4,500 years ago with the Arctic small tool tradition.

Arrow sizes vary greatly depending on the culture and use. They can range from eighteen inches to five feet in length.

arrow
arrow

Most modern arrows are about 30 inches long. Some cultures used very short arrows shot through a guide on the bow or the archer's wrist. This allowed them to fly farther than heavier arrows. The stability of the flight is managed by the fletchings. These act as airfoils to dampen pitching or yawing. Traditionally made from goose or turkey feathers, they are now often made of plastic vanes.

DFRArrow
DFRArrow
597 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (16)
File:Two arrows.jpg
Two arrows.jpg
File:DFRArrow.jpg
DFRArrow.jpg
File:Warring States Bronze Arrowheads.jpg
Warring States Bronze Arrowheads.jpg
File:Bow and Arrow.jpg
Bow and Arrow.jpg
File:arrow.svg
arrow.svg
File:Arrow Head 01.jpg
Arrow Head 01.jpg
File:Arrowhead.jpg
Arrowhead.jpg
File:Arrow-head Olynthus BM GR1912.4-19.4.jpg
Arrow-head Olynthus BM GR1912.4-19.4.jpg
File:Fleches-japonaises-p1000615.jpg
Fleches-japonaises-p1000615.jpg
File:Native American arrowheads.JPG
Native American arrowheads.JPG
File:Field points.jpg
Field points.jpg
File:Crécy-en-Ponthieu 24-09-2008 12-11-33.JPG
Crécy-en-Ponthieu 24-09-2008 12-11-33.JPG

+ 4 more

More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.