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Ralph Abernathy

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Ralph David Abernathy Sr. was a prominent American civil rights activist and a Baptist minister. He played a central role in the movement to end racial segregation in the United States. Born on March 11, 1926, in Linden, Alabama, he was the tenth of twelve children. His father, William, was a pioneer in his community. William was the first African-American to vote in Marengo County, Alabama. He was also the first to serve on a grand jury there.

Ralph Abernathy portrait by Robert Templeton
Ralph Abernathy portrait by Robert Templeton

Abernathy's early life was defined by service and education. He served in the United States Army during World War II. He rose to the rank of platoon sergeant before his discharge. Afterward, he used the G.I. Bill to attend Alabama State University. As a student, he demonstrated early leadership skills. He was elected president of the student council. He even led a hunger strike to improve the quality of campus food. He was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1948. He later earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a Master of Arts in sociology from Atlanta University.

Abernathy is most famous for his partnership with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The two men became close friends and mentors to one another. They worked together to lead nonviolent movements across the South. In 1955, they helped organize the Montgomery bus boycott. This movement began after the arrest of Rosa Parks. Abernathy and King worked with Jo Ann Robinson to distribute flyers. The boycott lasted for 381 days. It ended in December 1956 after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional.

This activism often came with great personal risk. During the boycott, Abernathy's home and his church were both bombed. Although his family escaped unharmed, the violence was a serious threat. Abernathy and King also helped lead the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, known as the SCLC. He served as the organization's financial secretary-treasurer. In 1961, he supported the Freedom Riders in Montgomery. A white mob surrounded his church and threw bricks through the windows. The Alabama National Guard eventually arrived to disperse the crowd.

Alabama State University December 2018 29 (Ralph David Abernathy Home)
Alabama State University December 2018 29 (Ralph David Abernathy Home)

A turning point in his life occurred on April 4, 1968. Abernathy was staying with Dr. King at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. While Abernathy was briefly out of the room, King was shot on a balcony. Abernathy ran to his friend and held him in his arms. He accompanied King to St. Joseph's Hospital. Despite emergency surgery, King died at 7:05 p.m. at the age of 39. Following this tragedy, Abernathy assumed the presidency of the SCLC. He led the Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C., in May 1968.

Abernathy continued to advocate for the disenfranchised throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In 1969, he traveled to Cape Kennedy to protest the Apollo 11 launch. He met with NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine. Abernathy argued that funds used for space exploration should instead help the hungry and homeless. He also worked for labor rights in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1973, he helped broker a peace settlement at Wounded Knee. This involved the FBI and the American Indian Movement.

Abernathy Children on front line leading the SELMA TO MONTGOMERY MARCH for the RIGHT TO VOTE
Abernathy Children on front line leading the SELMA TO MONTGOMERY MARCH for the RIGHT TO VOTE

In his later years, Abernathy remained active in legal and political spheres. He spoke at the United Nations in 1971 regarding world peace. He testified before the U.S. Congress in 1982 to support the Voting Rights Act. He also wrote an autobiography in 1989 titled "And the Walls Came Tumbling Down." Eventually, he returned to his primary work as a minister. Abernathy died of heart disease on April 17, 1990. His tombstone is engraved with the simple, powerful words: "I tried."

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