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Prune

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A prune is a dried plum. Most prunes come from the European plum tree, known as Prunus domestica. Not every type of plum is suitable for drying into a prune. To become a prune, the fruit must have specific qualities. It needs a firm flesh and a high soluble solids content. This high solid content prevents the fruit from fermenting during the drying process.

Rosales - Dried Prunus domestica d
Rosales - Dried Prunus domestica d

Most prunes are freestone cultivars. A freestone cultivar is a variety where the pit is easy to remove. This is different from many fresh plums. Fresh plums are often clingstone, meaning the pit is difficult to remove. This distinction is important for how the fruit is handled. Prunes are also useful in cooking. People use them to prepare both sweet and savory dishes. They are not used to make sugar plums. Sugar plums are actually nuts, seeds, or spices coated in hard sugar, also called comfits.

Farmers grow many different types of plums for drying. There are more than 1,000 plum cultivars used for this purpose. In the United States, the 'Improved French' is the main cultivar grown. Other common varieties include 'Sutter' and 'Tulare Giant'. You might also see 'Moyer', 'Imperial', or 'Italian' varieties. Greengages are another type used. Most of these commercial varieties are self-fertile. This means the trees do not need separate pollinator trees to produce fruit.

In 2001, the name for this fruit began to change in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration authorized growers to use the term "dried plums." Some distributors preferred this name over "prune." They felt the word "prune" was sometimes perceived as derogatory. This was because the fruit is linked to relieving constipation. Because of this perception, many packaging labels now use "dried plums" instead.

Prunes are very nutrient-dense. They consist of 64% carbohydrates and 31% water. They also contain 2% protein and less than 1% fat. A single reference amount of 50 grams provides 240 calories. Prunes are a rich source of vitamin K. One serving provides 50% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin K. They are also a good source of copper, providing 31% DV. Additionally, they offer 24% DV of potassium. They contain moderate amounts of B vitamins and other dietary minerals.

Rosales - Dried Prunus domestica d
Rosales - Dried Prunus domestica d

These fruits are known for their specific health effects on the body. Prunes contain dietary fiber, which makes up about 7% of their weight. This fiber can provide a laxative effect. Prune juice also has a laxative effect even without the fiber. This is due to phytochemicals found in the fruit. These include phenolic compounds like neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid. They also contain sorbitol, a type of sugar alcohol. A 2012 review by the European Food Safety Authority studied these effects. The report found that prunes help maintain normal bowel function. This is true if people consume at least 50 grams per day.

Understanding prunes involves looking at how biology and nutrition work together. The combination of fiber, sorbitol, and specific acids creates a unique digestive benefit. The high soluble solids in the Prunus domestica varieties allow for a successful drying process. This process transforms a fresh, juicy fruit into a concentrated source of vitamins and minerals. From the way they are grown to how they are labeled, prunes connect agriculture, chemistry, and human health.

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File:Rosales - Dried Prunus domestica d.jpg
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